Ubuntu Hardy pl

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Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)

Ubuntu Hardy Heron, następca Gutsy Gibbon został wydany 24. kwietnia 2008. Proszę o pomoc w testowaniu, udoskonalaniu i tłumaczeniu tego poradnika.

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Contents

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Wstęp

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O Hardy'm

  • Ubuntu 8.04 został wydany 24. kwietnia 2008 roku.
  • Jego nazwa kodowa to Hardy Heron. Jest następcą Ubuntu 7.10 Gutsy Gibbon.
  • Hardy jest wersją LTS (Long Term Support, czyli wspieraną długoterminowo), tzn. dla wersji desktop wsparcie będzie trwało 3 lata, a dla wersji serwer 5 lat - 18 miesięcy dłużej niż normalnie.
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Jak sprawdzić jakiej używasz wersji Ubuntu?

Użyj tego polecenia: 

lsb_release -a
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Jak sprawdzić jakiej używasz wersji jądra Ubuntu?

Użyj tego polecenia: 

 uname -r
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Nowsze wersje Ubuntu

  • Nowa wersja Ubuntu jest wydawana co 6 miesięcy
  • Nowe wydania pojawiają się w kwietniu i październiku.
  • Następne wydanie jest planowane na 30. października 2008 i będzie to Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex).
  • Hardy Heron jest wydaniem długoterminowym (LTS - Long Time Support) i będzie wspierane przez 5 lat dla edycji serwerowej i 3 lata dla edycji desktop.
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O Ubuntu i Oficjalne "odmiany" Ubuntu

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Przewodniki po Ubuntu 8.04 i linki

  • Ubuntu Official Website
  • Official About Ubuntu Page
  • Official Ubuntu Forums
  • Wikipedia: Ubuntu (Linux Distribution)
  • Ubuntu Geek includes Tips,Howtos,Tutorials and Articles about Ubuntu Linux
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Ubuntu Screenshot'y

Ubuntu 8.04 Screenshots Gallery

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Pożyteczna wiedza

Ta sekcja zawiera informacje, które będą potrzebne w zrozumieniu pozostałej części tego przewodnika.

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Uzywanie konsoli / terminala / powłoki

Wszystko donosi się do tej samej rzeczy - interfejsu tekstowego, którego można używać to kontroli nad systemem jako alternatywy dla interfejsu graficznego. Część z zadań zawartych w tym przewodniku będzie się odnośić do graficznego interfejsu (GUI - Graphical User Interface - graficzny interfejs użytkownika), ale częściej spotkasz się z zadaniami w trybie tekstowym.

Abu uruchomić konsolę przejdź do: Aplikacje --> Akcesoria --> Terminal

Wszystkie polecenia poprzedzone 'sudo' otrzymują uprawnienia administratora (root'a) i zostaniesz poproszony o hasło.

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Sprawdzanie instrukcji do programów lub poleceń - Manpages

Większość programów i poleceń posiada swoje strony MAN - instrukcje obsługi.

możesz sprawdzić co dana komenda robi wpisując w terminalu na przykład: 

   man apt-get

lub 

   man gedit

Bardzo pożyteczne jest wiedzieć co dana komenda robi zanim się ją uruchomi.

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Utrzymywanie "świeżości" systemu

Ważne jest, żeby mieć zawsze zaktualizowany system, posiadać wszystkie ostatnie łatki, poprawki bezpieczeństwa i uaktualnienia paczek z repozytoriów.

Najpierw przejdź do: 

  System --> Administracja --> Źródła oprogramowania

i sprawdź czy wszystkie repozytoria są włączone.

Następnie otwórz terminal: 

  Aplikacje --> Akcesoria --> Terminal

i wpisz: 

  sudo apt-get update

System zapyta Cię o twoje hasło. Możesz NIE zobaczyć swojego hasło (względy bezpieczeństwa), ale system rozpozna to co wpisałeś. 

  sudo apt-get upgrade

  sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

I skończone.

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Instalowanie paczek (programów) i bibliotek

W Ubuntu są dwie drogi do zainstalowanie paczek w systemie.

Możesz zainstalować paczki poprzez terminal lub Menedżer pakietów Synaptic

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A.Jak zainstalować paczkę używając Apt - opcja z terminalem

Idź do 

 Aplikacje --> Akcesoria --> Terminal

Apt jest Menedżerem pakietów Debian'a i jest używany w Ubuntu

Teraz możemy zainstalować pakiet wpisując: 

 sudo apt-get install nazwa_pakietu

na przykład: Amarok - odtwarzacz muzyki 

 sudo apt-get install amarok

Jak widzisz jest to bardzo proste.

Czasami potrzebujemy usunąć pakiet.

Wpisujemy: 

 sudo apt-get remove nazwa_pakietu

Jeśli chcemy usunąć exaile (odtwarzacz muzyki): wpisujemy: 

 sudo apt-get remove exaile

Apt sprawdza zależności programu automatyczne kiedy instalujemy lub usuwamy go.

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B. Jak zainstalować pakiet używając Synaptic - Łatwa, graficzna opcja

Przejdź do: 

 System --> Administracja --> Menedżer pakietów Synaptic

Tutaj możesz zainstalować jakikolwiek pakiet chcesz poprostu go wyszukując poprzez naciśnięcie przycisku Szukaj.

Pokaże Ci się lista pakietów w pustym okienku po lewej. Kliknij na niego to dodasz go do kolejki instalowania

Następnie naciśnij Zastosuj, a Synaptic zainstaluje pakiety sprawdzając najpierw zależności.

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Szukanie pakietów/programów

Są 4 drogi do znalezienia pakietów w repozytoriach. Wszystkie są proste do wykonania.

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A. Jak znaleźć pakiet w Synaptic'u

Otwórz Synaptic 

  System --> Administracja --> Menedżer pakietów Synaptic

i naciśnij przycisk Szukaj. Masz puste miejsce do uzupełnienia aby Synaptic rozpoczął wyszukiwanie.

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B. Jak znaleźć pakiet w internecie

Otwórz twoją ulubioną przeglądarkę internetową i przejdź do 

  http://packages.ubuntu.com/

Jesteś zainteresowany: a. http://packages.ubuntu.com/hardy/ , b.http://packages.ubuntu.com/hardy-updates/ , c.http://packages.ubuntu.com/hardy-backports/ , d.http://packages.ubuntu.com/hardy-backports/main/newpkg

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C. Jak znaleźć pakiet używając Apt'a

Otwórz terminal 

 Aplikacje --> Akcesoria --> Terminal

Jeśli chcesz znaleźć program, który nazywa się np. "pack-age" wpisz: 

  sudo apt-cache search pack-age

Jako, że Synaptic używa apt-cache search w sposób graficzny możesz znaleźć paczki poprzez wpisanie słów.

Jeśli chcesz znaleźć odtwarzacz muzyczny (ang. music player) wpisz 

  sudo apt-cache search music player
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D. Jak znaleźć pakiety używając Aptitude

Aptitude jest "terminalowym aleter-ego Synaptic'a". W pasku menu u góry jest opcja "Znajdź". Możesz ją kliknąć przechodząc do niej za pomocą klawiatury.

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Zainstalowałem program, lecz nie pokazał się on w menu Aplikacje


Na szczęście można to łatwo załatwić od wydania Gnome 2.12


Kliknij prawym przyciskiem myszy nad menu Aplikacje / Miejsca / System i wybierz "Modyfikuj menu"

W razie problemów otwórz terminal i wpisz 

  alacarte

From here you can edit the menus at the top of the screen, and add new items to get access to your new application (presuming you can discover where it was installed). If you're having trouble, try: 

  locate applicationame

Which should throw out some possible locations.

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Graphics cards and displays

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Installation of both ATi and nVidia Graphics drivers

There are three available methods - the first ensures you are always running the latest version of the drivers, and the second is marginally simpler. The third one is an alternative method for those that have older ATi GPU installed. The last one is for those that own the latest ATi cards (2xxx and 3xxx generations) and can't have appropriate display with the latest ATi drivers (via EnvyNG) or with the repository driver.

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A. Latest driver installation with EnvyNG (ATi & nVidia)

Read first this faq: http://albertomilone.com/envyngfaq.html#A

Open a terminal and type : 

 sudo apt-get install envyng-gtk

After rebooting, drivers should be installed and working.

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B. Repository Driver installation (ATi & nVidia)

Navigate to: 

 System --> Administration --> Hardware Drivers

and there you'll see your Graphics Card and an option for installation of its drivers.

Choose it and the press "Apply". It shall install the repository driver - a reboot may be required.

(Applicable for both ATi/AMD and nVidia)

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C. ATi Open Source radeon driver (ATi only)

Navigate to https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RadeonDriver

for more instructions.

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D. RadeonHD driver (ATi only)

Check with Synaptic Package Manager for 

  xf86-video-radeonhd

package.

Always make sure that you don't have another ATi driver installed.

More info: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=842&num=1

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Configuring multiple monitors with a nVidia graphics card

Install the nVidia graphics control panel: 

  sudo apt-get install nvidia-settings

And then run the configuration utility: 

  sudo nvidia-settings

You should be able to configure all your monitors, set them to seperate resolutions, and change their positioning relative to one another. When you are finished, make sure you click 'Save to X Configuration File'. It is possible that you may have problems with the boundries of monitors; logging off and back on again should resolve this.

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How to install multimedia support on Hardy Heron

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Installing Codecs

Open a terminal and type : 

 sudo -s -H

and then enter your user password.

After that : 

 apt-get update

 apt-get upgrade

To be upgraded. Please check that you have all repositories enabled in Software sources.

Then these commands : 

 apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse 
 gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg libxine1-ffmpeg libdvdread3

Now you have the most of the codecs needed to play most of multimedia you may own.

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Installing DVD Support

At the console, type: 

  sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

Αnd paste in the end of the file the below: 

  ## Medibuntu - Ubuntu 8.04 "hardy" 
  ## Please report any bug on https://bugs.launchpad.net/medibuntu/ 
  deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ hardy free non-free

save the document and then in the terminal type: 

  wget -q http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -

in order to receive the appropriate key.

Finally, at the terminal, type: 

   apt-get update 
   apt-get install libdvdcss2
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Pulseaudio

On Xubuntu, you may experience some glitches with Pulseaudio like no sound at all after upgrading from Gutsy. The reason may be that the Pulseaudio daemon is not started. Take note that the sound server is not started at boot time (to reduce the risk of inter-user audio corruption), but at login time. So, you will have to add an entry to your autostarted applications for Pulseaudio. Here is an example: 

:[Desktop Entry]

:Encoding=UTF-8

:Version=0.9.4

:Type=Application

:Name=Pulseaudio

:Comment=

:Exec=pulseaudio

:StartupNotify=false

:Terminal=false

:Hidden=false
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Installing VLC Media Player

At the console, type: 

  sudo apt-get install vlc

To remove, 

sudo apt-get --purge autoremove vlc

If you encounter sound problems (due to PulseAudio ), type: 

   sudo apt-get install vlc-plugin-pulse

and choose PulseAudio as output in VLC options.

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How to make VLC open when you insert a DVD

Totem is the default program for DVD-playback in Hardy, and the is no obvious way to change it. A lot of tips that worked in previous versions no longer work. The main problem is that VLC does not register itself as a DVD-capable application.

At the console, type: 

   cp /usr/share/applications/vlc.desktop /home/hildenae/.local/share/applications/vlc-dvd.desktop

edit the file 

   gedit ~/.local/share/applications/vlc-dvd.desktop

replace the line 

   Exec=vlc %U

with either

1. (all you really need) 
   Exec=vlc %f
2. (recommended settings from ubuntuforums for better dvd playback) 
   Exec=vlc --vout-filter deinterlace --deinterlace-mode blend --volume 512 %f
3. (recommended settings from ubuntuforums for better dvd playback and automatic full screen playback) 
   Exec=vlc --vout-filter deinterlace --deinterlace-mode blend --volume 512 --fullscreen %f

Save the file and close gedit. At the console, type: 

   gedit ~/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list

make the line «x-content/video-dvd=» under [Added Associations] read: 

   [Added Associations]
   x-content/video-dvd=vlc-dvd.desktop;totem.desktop;

Open Nautilus (default file manager), and navigate to Edit->Preferences>Media>DVD Video and select VLC media player (you should be able to choose between Totem and VLC)

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Installing Amarok (a Music Player)

Whilst Amarok is a KDE/Qt application, it will work fine on Ubuntu, and can be installed by typing: 

  sudo apt-get install amarok
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Installing Exaile (Amarok-like Music Player)

Exaile is a GTK, Amarok-like Music Player and it is very easy to install. In terminal, type: 

  sudo apt-get install exaile

Make sure you have the appropriate multimedia codecs installed.

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Installing Pulseaudio Tools

This will install pulseaudio utilities such as individual application volume controls and audio server tools.

Open a Terminal window and type the following: 

  sudo apt-get install libasound2-plugins "pulseaudio-*" paman padevchooser paprefs pavucontrol pavumeter libflashsupport

Run Pulseaudio Device Manager from the Applications > Sound and Video menu to access the tools.

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Internet and Web Development

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Install a LAMP server on a Desktop

LAMP stands for Linux, Apache, MSQL and PHP. You can install an integrated package that includes all four from the Synaptic Package manager (if you are using a Desktop Edition). 

System-->Administration-->Synaptic Package Manager-->
Edit-->Mark Packages by Task-->LAMP server -->Apply
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Install a LAMP server for local web development

This will install Apache2, PHP5, MySql5, and PHPMyAdmin.

Firstly, type the following command at the console: 

  sudo apt-get install apache2 php5 mysql-server-5.0 phpmyadmin

This will install all the necessary applications. You may be prompted to decide on a MySQL root password (set one if you want), and to configure PHPMyAdmin (select apache2 as the server type). After this is complete, we need to perform some minor configuration to get PHPMyAdmin working. Type: 

  sudo gedit /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Scroll right to the bottom of the file that opens, and add: 

  # Enable PHPMyAdmin
  Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf

Now save, exit, and type: 

  sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

Everything should now be configured - go to http://127.0.0.1 for webpages, and http://127.0.0.1/phpmyadmin for database administration. The webroot is located in /var/www/ by default. This is not particularly useful, as we do not have write access to this directory. Fortunately, this is easy to solve, by...

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Adding a virtual host to your LAMP server

This allows us to access a different folder as our webroot from a different address in our browser - face it, 'localhost' or 127.0.0.1 is boring.

Start by adding a new host. This is easy to do via System --> Administration --> Network; click on the Hosts tab, select the localhost item from the list and click properties. You may need to click the 'Unlock' button and enter your password first. Underneath the entry 'localhost', on a new line, add your entry of choice; for example, we'll use 'testhost'. Add this, and close all the dialogs.

Now we need to edit a configuration file, so type into the console: 

  sudo gedit /etc/apache2/httpd.conf

In the resulting file (which may well be empty), add the definition for your host! My username is 'dan', and I want my webpages to be served from a directory named 'www' in my home, so I would add: 

  <VirtualHost *>
     ServerName testhost
     DocumentRoot /home/dan/www
  </Virtualhost>

I can now add files to /home/dan/www, and access them by visiting http://testhost

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Home Automation / Home Theater / Home Security

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Complete Systems

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Linux MCE

LinuxMCE is an integrated home theater/home security/home automation/telephone PBX/intercom system for your home. It is a community project that is a fork of the Linux Pluto commercial endeavour. There is a version that runs on Kubuntu 7.04 (Feisty) and a version for Kubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy). A version for Kubuntu 8.04 (Hardy) is due out soon. It is available in 32 and 64 bit versions. LinuxMCE can run either as a standalone Home Theater PC or can co-ordinate a fully networked home, using the networking capabilities that are intrinsically part of the Kubuntu Linux OS. For more info see the LinuxMCE website.

LinuxMCE can be installed at the same time as the Kubuntu OS, on a new PC with an Nvidia graphics card (6000, 7000, or 8000 series), from a single DVD.

LinuxMCE can also be installed as an add-on package to an existing Kubuntu system, using the LinuxMCE 2 CD installation. You will need a Kubuntu LiveCD for your installation, even if you already have a full Kubuntu installation in place. (The LinuxMCE installation uses the Kubuntu LiveCD for additional modules.) Note that the LinuxMCE version must match the Kubuntu version -- i.e. the LinuxMCE 710 version CDs require the Kubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy) Live CD.

With the 2 CD installation, it is possible to run Kubuntu separately from LinuxMCE on the same PC, but it is recommended to dedicate at least one PC to LinuxMCE as a Core server.

LinuxMCE incorporates MythTV, Pluto home automation, Motion security surveillance, Asterisk PBX, VDR video disk recorder, and other home automation/security/theater packages in an integrated platform.

At this time, the automatic installer for Linux MCE uses the KDE desktop (Kubuntu). There are users that have made Linux MCE work with the Gnome desktop (Ubuntu) and other Linux distributions, but it is recommended to stick with the Kubuntu OS, as required by the LinuxMCE automatic installation.

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PVR (Personal Video Recorder)

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Mythbuntu

Mythbuntu is an Ubuntu-based derivative (based on the Xubuntu (XFCE) desktop) that is meant to function as a standalone PVR, based on MythTV. It can be used, however, with a Gnome (Ubuntu), KDE (Kubuntu) or XFCE (Xubuntu) desktop, which can be added at any later time.

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Home Security

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Zoneminder surveillance system

Zoneminder manages surveillance cameras and stores images on the hard disk. Images can be viewed using a (LAMP) server remotely. X10 devices can be triggered using built-in perl scripts. For more info see the Zoneminder website.

There is a Zoneminder package for Hardy (that was the package from Gutsy). You should be able to install the package from Synaptic Package Manager.

However, if that does not work, try the instructions that worked for Feisty:

  • You must have the LAMP server installed. In addition, you will need additional modules: 
sudo apt-get install ffmpeg libarchive-tar-perl libarchive-zip-perl libdate-manip-perl libdevice-serialport-perl
sudo apt-get install libjpeg62 libmime-perl libstdc++6 libunwind7 libwww-perl zlib1g
  • Download the .deb package from the package manager's website:

ftp://www.northern-ridge.com.au/zoneminder/ubuntu/edgy/zoneminder_1.22.3-8_i386.deb

  • Install using the Debian package manager. (No other method seems to work.) 
dpkg -i zoneminder_1.22.3-8_i386.deb
  • (Note: If some dependencies are still unsatisfied, make sure you have these packages installed): 
sudo apt-get install libc6 libc6.1 libgcc1 libgcc4 libstdc++6
(These should already be installed as part of the LAMP installation): 
sudo apt-get install apache2-mpm-prefork libapache2-mod-php5 libmysqlclient15off mysql-client mysql-server php5  php5-mysql

If your installation is successful, you will now need to set up the configuration files and databases for Zoneminder.

  • Copy the configuration file and restart the Apache2 server. 
sudo ln -s /etc/zm/apache.conf /etc/apache2/conf.d/zoneminder.conf
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 reload
  • View Zoneminder from your web browser: 
http://localhost/zm
  • Set up a MySQL database for Zoneminder
If this is the first time you have used MySQL, the default global MySQL superuser root will not have a password. You should set one now. Instructions for setting mySQL initial privileges are here.
In short: 
mysql -u root
mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('your_new_password') WHERE User='root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
mysql> quit
In addition, you can set up an additional global MySQL user (such as mysql_user, for example) by following the instructions here. That way you can reserve root login for emergencies.
In short: 
mysql -u root
mysql> CREATE USER 'mysql_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'mysql_user_passwd';
mysql> quit

Now you must create a MySQL database for use by Zoneminder. This is an administrative MySQL command, so you must use one of your global MySQL users (either root or mysql_user, as created in the example above). You can name your Zoneminder database anything you want, instead of zmdatabase. 

mysqladmin -u root -p CREATE zmdatabase

or 

mysqladmin -u mysql_user -p CREATE zmdatabase

Create users for the Zoneminder database. As always, I create a root user for emergency use. I use the same password for root as I do elsewhere on my system. Then I also create a user named zm_user (but you could also creat a user named mysql_user, to keep everything consistent). [I use a unique user here because this is a home security system, after all, and I don't want it breached.] These users are specific to this database; they can be the same users as used elsewhere in the system or can be unique users. 

mysql> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES ON zmdatabase.* TO 'zm_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
mysql> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES ON zmdatabase.* TO 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; (I used my usual root password here).
mysql> quit
mysqladmin reload

Note: mysql commands (i.e. any entered at the mysql> prompt) must end with a semicolon. If you forget the semicolon, nothing will happen.

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Myth Zoneminder

MythZoneminder allows you to view your security cameras through Myth TV, essentially. It is a plugin that interfaces the two packages Zoneminder (which must be working on your system) and Myth TV (which must also be working.) It can be found in Synpatic Package Manager as the mythzoneminder package.

See the installation instructions.

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How to restore GRUB to a partition or MBR with an Ubuntu Live CD

Sometimes, if an Ubuntu installation goes wrong, or a Windows NT bootloader overwrites MBR and doesn't recognise the Linux installation, we have to restore our GRUB bootloader that is, generally, very flexible.

First of all, we burn a Hardy Heron (Ubuntu 8.04) ISO (on a CD(R , RW) or DVD (+R , +RW)) or make sure that we have one already.

Then, we change, in the BIOS, the boot load sequence and we put the CD/DVD option first.

After that, we boot the Live CD, we choose the first option and in a few minutes we have arrived at the Live CD Desktop.

So, we go : 

 Applications --> Accessories --> Terminal

Then, we have to remember which is our Ubuntu installation partition.

In our example, it is the second one (/dev/sda2), formatted as ext3, in the first HDD of a SATA controller. We suppose that it is the second one, since, in case we have Windows that demand to be in the first partition (/dev/sda1), this one is occupied.

Now, you have to be really careful. You have to enter the right partition, instead of sda2 (unless it is the same) In the terminal : 

  cd /
  sudo -s -H

  mount -t ext3 /dev/sda2 /mnt

  mount -t proc proc /mnt/proc

  mount -t sysfs sys /mnt/sys

  mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev

  chroot /mnt  /bin/bash

And now, you are actually "running" Ubuntu within the Hard Drive but through Live CD's terminal.

Now we restore GRUB like that:

1) Restoration to MBR 

  grub-install /dev/sda

2) Restoration to partition (example: /dev/sda2) 

  grub-install /dev/sda2

In the first case (that is the most usual) you have certainly installed GRUB on MBR after you receive, in the terminal, the message that there are no errors.

After you reboot, you have your favorite bootloader restored.

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Encrypt home partition with cryptsetup & LUKS

First step is to backup all necessary data, if something goes wrong your data will be lost in the process if it's not backed up. Also note that your home folder needs to be located on a separate partition than your root partition, if not see #How to make partitions.

Second, install necessary software: 

  sudo apt-get install cryptsetup

Insert the new module, dm-crypt into the kernel: 

  sudo modprobe dm-crypt

Check to see what encryption schemes are available: 

  cat /proc/crypto

If only MD5 is listed, try inserting the appropriate modules into the kernel: 

  sudo modprobe serpent

Above is an example, this could also be twofish, blowfish or anything other crypto module that you would like to use.

The following commands will assume that your home partition is /dev/sda1, please change it to match your own configuration.

Next step we use cryptsetup to change the partition with the luksFormat option, this command will cause you to lose all data on /dev/sda1. 

  sudo cryptsetup luksFormat -c algorithm -y -s size /dev/sda1

Where algorithm is the algorithm that you chose above such as serpent aes, etc.

Size is the key size for encryption, this is generally 128 or 256. Without specifying the algorithm or the size, I believe it defaults to AES 256, more information and additional options can be found by reading the man page. The above step will ask you to choose a password and verify it. Do not forget this password.

We can then use the luksOpen option to open the encrypted drive. 

  sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda1 home

Home is a nickname which cryptsetup uses to refer to /dev/sda1. It also creates the device /dev/mapper/home, this is what you would actually mount to access the filesystem. If you specify another name other than home, it will create the device /dev/mapper/[name], where [name] is the nickname that cryptsetup will use. This step will ask you for your LUKS passphrase, this is the password you created in the previous step.

Next, we create the actual filesystem on the device. I use reiserfs, but it could just as well be ext3. 

  sudo mkreiserfs /dev/mapper/home

Or 

  sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/mapper/home

Next step is to mount your encrypted device and copy your files back to your home directory. 

  mkdir new_home
  sudo mount /dev/mapper/home new_home
  cp -r * new_home

Now we have to set up everything so that it's ready to go at boot, we need to tell the system that there are encrypted disks that we want mounted. 

  gksudo gedit /etc/crypttab

Enter the following as one line at the end of the file. 

  home       /dev/sda1       none       luks,tries=3

remember home can be any name that you want, just remember that this maps to /dev/mapper/[name]. The option tries=3 allows 3 tries before a reboot is required or the disk is not decrypted.

Next enter the device info in fstab that we want to mount on boot. 

  gksudo gedit /etc/fstab

Enter the information as one line at the end of the file. 

  /dev/mapper/home       /home       reiserfs       defaults       0       0

Remember to substitute /dev/mapper/home with your device /dev/mapper/[name], /home is the mount point, since this is our home directory, reiserfs is the filesystem type, put ext3 if you formatted it as ext3. For now the default options should be good, change this if you need/require something else. Also, now is a good time to remove the old /dev/sda1 device entry so that fstab doesn't try to load it at boot. This can be accomplished by commenting out the /dev/sda1 line or deleting it.

Final step is to make sure that the proper modules are loaded at boot time. 

  gksudo gedit /etc/modules

Now add dm-crypt and the crypto module that you used earlier, such as serpent, aes, etc. Each needs to be on its own line. 

  dm-crypt
  serpent

That should be it, all that's required is a reboot. During the reboot process, the computer will say "Starting early crypto disks" and ask for your passphrase. If the passphrase is accepted, it will unlock the encrypted partition and mount it on your specified mount point.

[edit]

Aliases

You can change the way you enter a command in order to be executed by entering an alias.

For example, you may enter in a terminal "update-system" (a command that in face doesn't exists) that replaces "sudo apt-get update". You can do the same thing for other commands.

This is what you do. Our example is going to be the alias of the command 

 ls -FCal --color=auto

that shows with colours and many details the contents of a folder.

Open a terminal 

  Applications --> Accessories --> Terminal

and enter 

  gedit ~/.bashrc

Be carefull now. Don't erase anything there.

Now, go to the end of the document and enter 

  alias ll="ls -FCal --color=auto"

As you can see, now with the command 

  ll

whenever we want, we call, in fact, this one 

  ls -FCal --color=auto

You can do the same thing for other commands that need a lot of switches.

Save the document, close the terminal and reopen it. You may now check your new alias.

[edit]

Tips & Tricks

[edit]

Change the splash screen color

Originally a brownish color to match the Ubuntu theme, it does not quite fit with other themes and might want to be changed. Enter the gdm.conf file (sudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf). About two-thirds of the way down you will see the lines: 

 BackgroundColor=#dab082
 GraphicalThemedColor=#dab082

Change it to what you like. For all black, use: 

 BackgroundColor=#000000
 GraphicalThemedColor=#000000
[edit]

Change the default Terminal window size

The default size of the Terminal window is around 80 columns wide and 24 columns high. To alter this, edit the file /usr/share/vte/termcap/xterm. You can use the following command: 

 sudo gedit /usr/share/vte/termcap/xterm

Just a few lines from the top will be the line reading: 

 :co#80:it#8:li#24:\

Change the number right after co# to change the width. Change the number right after li# to change the height.

[edit]

How to make partitions

It is very easy to make partitions with Ubuntu .

Open a terminal and type: 

  sudo apt-get install gparted

Then navigate to 

  System --> Administration --> Partition Editor

Then gParted is going to check for your disks and partitions.

There you can modify your partitions but on those that are NOT on the System.

More info :

1) Usage of gParted (it is distributed as Live CD as well) -->http://howtoforge.com/partitioning_with_gparted

2) How to separate your /home partition in Ubuntu --> http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/separatehome

[edit]

How to enable Compiz Fusion in Ubuntu

In Ubuntu Hardy Heron, Compiz Fusion is already installed and is automatically enabled after you have installed your graphics' card drivers.

The only thing you have to do is to install the Compiz Configuration Settings Manager.

Open a terminal and type: 

   sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager

and it shall be installed. After that navigate to: 

   System --> Preferences --> Advanced Desktop Effects Settings

and there you may enable/disable any plugin you want.

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