Ubuntu dapper fi
From
http://www.textvideld.com
http://www.textpasdart.com
Other Languages: | Português • Português do Brasil • Bulgarian • বাংলা (Bengali) • 䏿 • Äesky • English • Filipino • Français • German • Italiano • Nederlands • Norsk • Suomi • Polski• LietuviÅ¡kai• Español • RomânÄ • Indonesian • Türkçe • Ð ÑÑÑкий • Persian • æ¥æ¬èª (翻訳ä¸) | edit |
En suosittele toimimaan tämän osittain suomennetun ohjeen mukaan ennenkuin sen käännökset on tarkistettu huolella, sitä odotellessa suosittelen tutustumaan Ubuntu Tutuksi -wikikirjaan, joka tutustuttaa sinut aloittelijan näkökulmasta katsottuna Ubuntuun.
Tämän oppaan tavoitteena on opastaa uusia ja vähän kokeneempiakin Linux-käyttäjiä oppimaan lisää Ubuntusta ja ratkomaan ongelmia. Seuraamalla tätä opasta voit ratkaista monet pulmat, joita Linuxin käytössä yleisimmin ilmenee. Tavoitteena on antaa ohjeita, jotka opettavat sinulle muutakin Linuxista kuin pelkän ulkokuoren - ja kaiken lisäksi suomeksi.
Aluksi
Mikä on Ubuntu Linux
Ubuntu Linux on virus-vapaa, turvallinen ja ilmainen käyttöjärjestelmä, jonka voi kuka tahansa asentaa.
- http://www.ubuntu-fi.org/
Mistä voi katsoa Ubuntun kuvakaappauksia
- http://www.ubuntu-fi.org/Wiki/Kuvakaappauksia
Mistä voi tilata Ubuntun CD:Itä täysin ilmaiseksi?
- http://shipit.ubuntulinux.org
Mistä voin ladata Ubuntu Linuxin?
- http://www.ubuntu-fi.org/
Mistä saa tukea Ubuntuun?
- http://forum.ubuntu-fi.org/
- http://www.linux-tuki.fi/
- irc://irc.freenode.net/ubuntu-fi
Mistä etsiä uusia ohjelmia?
- http://gnomefiles.org/
- http://www.kde-apps.org/
- http://freshmeat.net
- http://sourceforge.net/
Mistä etsiä uusia teemoja Gnomeen/KDE:hen?
- http://gnome-look.org/
- http://www.kde-look.org/
- http://art.gnome.org/
Ohjelmavarastot
Ohjelmavarastojen asentaminen
- Voit myös tehdä saman Synapticilla, jos olet kyllästynyt käyttämään apt-getia.
1. Avaa pääte Sovellukset > Apuohjelmat > Pääte ja kopioi sinne seuraavat rivit
sudo cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
2. Tyhjennä avautuva tiedosto ja liitä sen sisällöksi seuraavat rivit. Tallenna tiedosto.
deb http://fi.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://fi.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse deb http://fi.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://fi.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://fi.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://fi.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
3. Päivitä kirjoittamalla päätteeseen
sudo apt-get update
Ubuntun Päivittäminen
Voit päivittää Ubuntun myös Synapticilla graafisessa käyttöliittymässä
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade
Ohjelmien asentaminen
Yleistä
Ohjelmat voi asentaa monella tapaa,
- Synapticilla (Järjestelmä > Hallinta > Synaptic-pakettienhallinta)
Merkitse mitä asennetaan ja paina sitten Toteuta.
- Lisää tai poista sovelluksia -valikolla (Sovellukset > Lisää tai poista ...)
Pelkistetty pakettienhallinta, valitset asennettavat sovellukset ja painat OK.
- Päätteellä
sudo apt-get install ohjelman_nimi
Muistathan päivittää pakettivarastot, jotta saat itsellesi ajan tasalla olevat versiot paketeista.
Asenna Javatuki (Sun Java)
sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jre sun-java5-plugin
- lisää vielä komento
sudo update-alternatives --config java
- valitse numero joka lukee java-1.5.0-sun kohdalla
Asenna Flash-tuki
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree sudo update-flashplugin
Asenna Lazarus
- Laxarus on graafinen ohjelmistokehitin, sitä pidetään parhaimpana ohjelmointialustana Linuxille.
1. Avaa pääte
sudo apt-get install libgtk1.2 ja libgtk1.2-dev libgdk-pixbuf-dev libgdk-pixbuf2
2. Aluksi pitää asentaa FreePascal pakettina ftp://ftp.freepascal.org/pub/fpc/dist/i386-linux-2.0.2/fpc-2.0.2.i386-linux.tar
3. Asenna sitten Lazarus http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/lazarus/fpc-2.0.2.i386-linux.tar?download
Asenna PDF:n lukija
Linuxille on tarjolla PDF-tiedostojen katseluun monia eri ohjelmia. Näistä yleisimpiä on acroread. Muita vaihtoehtoja ovat evince, xpdf ja gv.
sudo apt-get install acroread sudo apt-get install mozilla-acroread sudo apt-get install acroread-plugins
Windowsin käyttäminen Linuxissa
Voit asentaa Windowsin virtuaalisesti esimerkiksi VMwaren avulla, asennusta varten sinulla täytyy tietenkin olla Windows-käyttöjärjestelmän asennuslevyt ja tarvittava lisenssi.
- Valmiin virtuaaliaseman pyöritykseen soveltuu VMware player joka löytyy pakettien hallinnalla
sudo apt-get install vmware-player
tai voit vaihtoehtoisesti myös ladata sen VMwaren omilta sivuilta:
http://www.vmware.com/products/player/
Valmiiksi konfiguroituja virtuaalikojeita löytyy osoitteesta:
http://www.vmware.com/vmtn/appliances/
- Asentaaksesi virtuaaliasemia tarvitset joko VMware Serverin tai VMware Workstationin, suosittelen VMware Serveriä koska se on ilmainen vaihtoehto.
Voit ladata sen VMwaren omilta sivuilta sekä rekisteröidä itsellesi ilmaisen seriaalinumeron:
http://www.vmware.com/products/server/
lataa palvelin kotihakemistoosi ja sen jälkeen avaa pääte johon kopioi seuraava:
cd tar xvfz VMware-server-*.tar.gz cd vmware-server-distrib ./vmware-install.pl
- Huom. Tarvitset VMwaren toimimiseksi omaa kerneliäsi vastaavan linux-restricted-modules paketin
sudo apt-get install linux-headers-`uname -r`
Asenna Lataus Manageri (Downloader for X)
sudo apt-get install d4x
Asenna FTP-ohjelma (gFTP)
sudo apt-get install gftp
Asenna Tiedostojen jakoon P2P DC++-klooni
- vaatii wget-ohjelman asennuksen
sudo apt-get install wget
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/linuxdcpp.tar.gz sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /opt sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dcpp.desktop
- Lisää tiedostoon seuraavat rivit
[Desktop Entry] Encoding=UTF-8 Name=DC++ Exec=/opt/linuxdcpp/ldcpp Terminal=false Type=Application StartupNotify=true Icon=/opt/linuxdcpp/pixmaps/linuxdcpp.svg Categories=Application;Network;
Asenna P2P-ohjelma BitTorrent Axureus
- vaatii wgetin asennuksen
sudo apt-get install azureus
Asenna aMule P2P
- vaatii wgetin asennuksen
sudo apt-get install amule
Asenna FrostWire P2P
- vaatii JSE:n
sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jre sun-java5-plugin
sudo update-alternatives --config java
- Asennus sitten
wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb sudo dpkg -i FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
Asenna Messenger (Skype)
sudo apt-get install skype
Emulaattorit
Playstation (pcsx)
sudo apt-get install pcsx
Gameboy (Gnuboy)
- ohjelmalla voi pelata Gameboy ja Gameboy Advancepelejä
sudo apt-get install gnuboy-sdl
Ohjelmaa käytetään näin: Sovellukset > Apuohjelmat > Pääte Kirjoita päätteelle pelinnimi. Eli pelinnimi ja tiedostopääte.
sdlgnuboy pelinnimi
Dos (Dosemu)
sudo apt-get install dosemu
Nintendo (Nestra)
sudo apt-get install nestra
Supernintendo (zsnes)
sudo apt-get install zsnes
Asenna WinPopup (LinPopUp)
- Vaatii Samba serverin
sudo apt-get install samba sudo apt-get install smbfs
sudo apt-get install linpopup sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop
- Kirjoita tiedostoon seuraavat rivit ja tallenna
[Desktop Entry] Name=LinPopUp Comment=LinPopUp Exec=linpopup Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Utility;
Asenna Multimediakoodekit
- Suorita yksi rivi kerrallaan
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-gl gstreamer0.10-plugins-base sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-good gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse sudo apt-get install w32codecs
- Käynnistä graafinen tila (Gnome/GDM) uudestaan
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
Asenna Tuki DVD:n toistolle
- Suorita yksi rivi kerrallaan
sudo apt-get install libdvdread3 sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.sh sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2 sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin sudo apt-get install mplayer
Asenna RealPlayer 10
sudo apt-get install realplay
Asenna Stream Directory Browser
sudo apt-get install streamtuner sudo apt-get install streamripper
Asenna Music Organizer (Cowbell)
sudo apt-get install cowbell
Asenna ID3 Tag Editor (EasyTAG)
sudo apt-get install easytag
Asenna CAD ohjelmat Qcad, Xfig
Asenna Vektorigrafiikka Inkscape
sudo apt-get install inkscape
Asenna Kino Video Editointi
sudo apt-get install kino sudo apt-get install kinoplus sudo apt-get install kino-timfx sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler
Asenna Cinelerra Video Editointi
sudo apt-get install cinelerra
Asenna Audacity musiikinmuokkain (harrastelijoille)
sudo apt-get install audacity
Asenna Ardour musiikinmuokkain (ammattilaisille)
sudo apt-get install ardour
Asenna DVD:n muokkain/kopioija
- esivalmistelut, vaatii DVD:n toisto, Totem Firefox laajennuksen ja multimediakoodekkien asennuksen ennen tähän vaiheen aloittamista
sudo apt-get install rar sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
- Asenna
sudo apt-get install dvdrip sudo apt-get install vcdimager sudo apt-get install cdrdao sudo apt-get install subtitleripper sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80 sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop
- Lisää tiedostoon seuraavat rivit
[Desktop Entry] Name=dvd::rip Comment=dvd::rip Exec=dvdrip Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
Asenna CD:n muokkain/kopioija (Goobox)
- Vaatii multimediakoodekkejen asennusta
sudo apt-get install goobox sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
- Lisää tiedostoon seuraavat rivit
[Desktop Entry] Name=CD Player & Ripper Comment=Play and extract CDs Exec=goobox Icon=goobox.png Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
Asenna Picasa (kuvanhallintaohjelma)
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install picasa
Asenna Opera
sudo apt-get install opera
Asenna Sähköpostiohjelma Mozilla Thunderbird
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
Asenna GimpShop
http://linux.suramya.com/tutorials/Install_GIMPShop/
Asenna Liferea RSS-lukuohjelma
sudo apt-get install liferea
- muita hyviä vaihtoehtoja ovat esimerkiksi Blam sekä Straw
Asenna Acrecator RSS-lukuohjelma
sudo apt-get install akregator
Asenna Web kehitysohjelma (NVU)
sudo apt-get install nvu sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
[Desktop Entry] Name=Nvu Comment=Web Development Editor Exec=nvu Icon=nvu.xpm Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Network;
Asenna Web kehitysohjelma (quanta plus)
sudo apt-get install quanta
Asenna Projektin hallintaohjelma (Planner)
sudo apt-get install planner
Asenna GnuGash taloushallinto-ohjelmisto
sudo apt-get install gnucash sudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/ sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop
- lisää seuraavat rivit ja tallenna
[Desktop Entry] Name=GnuCash Comment=GnuCash Personal Finance Exec=gnucash Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.png Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Office;
Asenna Julkaisuohjelmisto (Scribus) latex
Asenna Scribus
- Scribuksella voi taittaa ja luoda julkaisuja.Latex on myös kova sana
sudo apt-get install scribus
Asenna Diagrammi Editori (DIA)
sudo apt-get install dia-gnome
Asenna Compiled HTML Help (CHM) Viewer (xCHM)
sudo apt-get install xchm
Asenna Levynpoltto
Asenna Gnomebaker
sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
Asenna K3B
sudo apt-get install k3b libk3b2-mp3
Asenna Dialup PPP Client (GNOME PPP)
sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp
Asenna Broadband ADSL/PPPoE Client (RP-PPPoE)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/ sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/ sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop
- kirjoita tiedostoon seuraava ja tallenna
[Desktop Entry] Name=RP-PPPoE Comment=RP-PPPoE Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui Icon= Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Network;
Asenna Käynnistyslatain
sudo apt-get install bum
Asenna levynosiointiohjelma (GParted)
sudo apt-get install gparted
Asenna graafinen palomuuri (Firestarter)
sudo apt-get install firestarter
Asenna graafinen internetinkäyttöanalysoija (Ethereal)
sudo apt-get install ethereal
Asenna Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)
sudo apt-get install nessus sudo apt-get install nessusd sudo nessus-adduser sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop
- kirjoita tidostoon seuraavat rivit ja tallenna
[Desktop Entry] Name=Nessus Comment=Nessus Exec=nessus Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;System;
Asenna RAR Archiver (rar)
sudo apt-get install rar sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
Asenna lisää fontteja
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11 sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts sudo fc-cache -f -v
Asenna tuki kiinankielelle
sudo apt-get install scim sudo apt-get install scim-chinese sudo apt-get install scim-config-socket sudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodule sudo apt-get install scim-tables-zh wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz sudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/ sudo fc-cache -f -v
- paina CTRL+SPACE
Asenna gDesklets-työpöytävimpaimet
sudo apt-get install gdesklets sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data
Asenna Yleinen kääntäjä
sudo apt-get install build-essential
Asenna integroitu kehitysympäristö (Anjuta)
sudo apt-get install anjuta
Asenna MonoDevelop (C# IDE)
sudo apt-get install mono mono-gmcs mono-gac mono-utils monodevelop
Asenna 3D-grafiikan luontiohjelma (Blender)
sudo apt-get install blender
Asenna pelejä
Asenna frozen-bubble
sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
Asenna Scorched3D
sudo apt-get install scorched3d sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop
- kirjoita tiedostoon seuraava ja tallenna.
[Desktop Entry] Name=Scorched 3D Comment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched Earth Exec=scorched3d Icon= Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;
Asenna planetaario-ohjelma (Stellarium)
sudo apt-get install stellarium sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop
- Lisää tiedostoon seuraava ja tallenna.
[Desktop Entry] Name=Stellarium Comment=Virtual planetarium Exec=stellarium Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;Education;
Asenna Google Earth
wget -c http://dl.google.com/earth/GE4/GoogleEarthLinux.bin sudo sh GoogleEarthLinux.bin
- Kun olet asentanut Klikkaa Exit ja suorita seuraava
sudo cp /usr/local/google-earth/googleearth.desktop /usr/share/applications/
- Tuokin voisi olla hyvä tehdä
sudo chmod 777 -R ~/.googleearth
Asenna KDE:n opetusviihdesovellukset
sudo apt-get install kdeedu
Asenna Wine (Wine Is Not an Emulator)
- tämän ohjelman avulla voi suorittaa Windows-ohjelmia Linuxissa.
sudo apt-get install wine
- lisää infoa saatavissa http://www.winehq.com/
- tarkemmat ohjeet asennukseen ja asetuksien laittoon http://fi.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ubuntu_tutuksi/Wine
Maksullinen tapa saada Windows-ohjelmat toimimaan
- Crossover Office on maksullinen tapa saada Windows-ohjelmia toimimaan Linuxissa
http://www.codeweavers.com
Lataa ilmainen kokeiluversio http://www.codeweavers.com/products/download_trial/
Luettelo toimivista ohjelmista: http://www.codeweavers.com/compatibility/browse/cat
Asenna WineCVS
- tällä ohjelmalla voi pelata Windowspelejä Linuxissa.
http://www.linux-gamers.net/modules/wiwimod/index.php?page=HOWTO+Cedega+CVS
Yritä seuraavaa komentoa
sudo apt-get install cvs build-essential bison flex-old libasound2-dev libpng12-dev libjpeg62-dev sudo apt-get install libfreetype6-dev libxrender-dev libttf2 libttf-dev libsdl1.2-dev libsdl-ttf2.0-dev sudo apt-get install libsdl-net1.2-dev libsdl-gfx1.2-dev msttcorefonts libfontconfig1-dev wget
- pitäisi ilmeisesti asentaa X.org ja Gnublot
sudo apt-get install gnuplot xserver-xorg xserver-xorg-dev gcc-3.4
- No sitten OK ja lataa tiedosto koneelle
wget http://winecvs.linux-gamers.net/WineCVS.sh
- Avaa pääte ja kirjoita
export CC=gcc-3.4 sh WineCVS.sh
- SItten suorita asennusohjelma ja kun se on valmis
CVScedega pelinnimi
Asenna "First Person Shooter" -tyylinen Pudotus Terminaali (Tilda)
sudo apt-get install tilda
- Oletusnäppäimenä on F1. Vaihtaaksesi oletusnäppäintä voit joko kirjoittaa tilda -C päätteeseen, tai hiiren oikeaa näppäintä Tildassa napsauttamalla valita Preferences / Asetukset. Asetukset-valikosta voit vaihtaa myös muita asetuksia, kuten näkymättömyyttä, fonttia, fontin kokoa sekä ikkunoiden kokoa.
Asenna muita työpöytäympäristöjä
Asenna KDE
sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
Asenna XFCE
sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
Asenna silmänruokaa
Kuinka Xgl/Compiz (Nvidia) asennetaan?
- Kattavan oppaan XGL:n saamisesta toimintaan eri näyttökorteilta löydät sivulta: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=148351
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
- Etsi "module"-otsikoitu osa tiedostosta
Section "Module" Load "i2c" Load "bitmap" ... Load "type1" Load "vbe" EndSection
- Kommentoi dri and GLcore (mikäli tiedostossa) pois käytöstä (kirjoittamalla # rivin alkuun).
# Load "dri" # Load "GLcore"
- Varmista, että glx-moduli ladataan
Load "glx"
- Etsi osa "Device", jossa määritellään verkkokortin ajuri (arvot voivat erota)
Section "Device" Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]" Driver "nv" BusID "PCI:1:0:0" EndSection
- Muuta rivit seuraaviksi (jätä "identifier" ja "BusID" alkuperäisiksi).
Section "Device" ... Driver "nvidia" ... Option "RenderAccel" "true" Option "AllowGLXWithComposite" "true" EndSection
- Etsi monitorin määrittelyosa
Section "Screen" Identifier "Default Screen" Device "NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]" Monitor "Generic Monitor" DefaultDepth 16
- Varmista, että DefaultDepth on 24:
DefaultDepth 24
- Tallenna muokkaamasi tiedosto
- Asenna Xgl/Compiz
sudo apt-get install compiz xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 compiz-gnome sudo cp /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom-backup sudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom
- Korvaa kaikki seuraava
# GDM Configuration Customization file. # # This file is the appropriate place for specifying your customizations to the # GDM configuration. If you run gdmsetup, it will automatically edit this # file for you and will cause the daemon and any running GDM GUI programs to # automatically update with the new configuration. Not all configuration # options are supported by gdmsetup, so to modify some values it may be # necessary to modify this file directly by hand. # # To hand-edit this file, simply add or modify the key=value combination in # the appropriate section in the template below. Refer to the comments in the # gdm.conf file for information about each option. Also refer to the reference # documentation. # # If you hand edit a GDM configuration file, you should run the following # command to get the GDM daemon to notice the change. Any running GDM GUI # programs will also be notified to update with the new configuration. # # gdmflexiserver --command="UPDATE_CONFIG <configuration key>" # # For example, the "Enable" key in the "[debug]" section would be specified by # "debug/Enable". # # You can also run gdm-restart or gdm-safe-restart to cause GDM to restart and # re-read the new configuration settings. You can also restart GDM by sending # a HUP or USR1 signal to the daemon. HUP behaves like gdm-restart and causes # any user session started by GDM to exit immediately while USR1 behaves like # gdm-safe-restart and will wait until all users log out before restarting GDM. # # For full reference documentation see the gnome help browser under # GNOME|System category. You can also find the docs in HTML form on # http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm/ # # NOTE: Lines that begin with "#" are considered comments. # # Have fun! [daemon] [security] [xdmcp] [gui] [greeter] [chooser] [debug] [servers]# Override display 1 to use Xgl 0=Xgl [server-Xgl] name=Xgl server command=/usr/bin/Xgl :0 -fullscreen -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:fbo flexible=true
- Tee skripti, joka käynnistää Xgl:n tai Compiz:n käynnistyksen yhteydessä
sudo gedit /usr/bin/thefuture
- Lisää seuraavat rivit uuteen tiedostoon. Korvaa .us omaa näppäimistöäsi vastaavalla koodilla. Esimerkiksi .gb (Iso Britannia) tai .fi (Suomi). Jos haluat nähdä täyden luettelon näppäimistöistä, anna päätteessä komento ls /usr/share/xmodmap.
#!/bin/bash gnome-window-decorator & compiz --replace gconf decoration wobbly fade minimize cube rotate zoom scale move resize place switcher & xmodmap /usr/share/xmodmap/xmodmap.us
- Tallenna tiedosto
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/thefuture
- Ajaaksesi compiz-ohjelmaa tämän istunnon aikana
thefuture
- To have compiz load on startup
- System -> Preferences -> Sessions
- Startup Programs -> Add
/usr/bin/thefuture
- Click Ok, then Close
- Read #How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer
- Ongelmanratkaisua
- If Xgl/Compiz doesn't seem to work, or you get errors, simply restart your machine after adding "thefuture" to Startup programs
- If moving windows slows down the system, run gconf-editor from the terminal. Find apps/compiz/general/screen0/options. Disable detect_refresh_rate and set refresh rate to 60. Everything should work fine now...
- If you are using a non default keyboard layout (other language), you might have to change it back to what you need if the keyboard acts funny at System/Settings/Keyboard.
- You can also set the Super-key to the windows button here.
- If you don't want "bottom expanded panel", type "killall gnome-panel" in terminal.
- Vinkkejä
- Switch windows = Alt + Tab
- Arrange and View All Windows = F12 turns on or off; clicking a window will zoom it to the front
- Switch desktops on cube = Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
- Switch desktops on cube - with active window following = Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
- Rotate cube manually = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
- Make window translucent/opaque = currently only possible with the "transset" utility
- Zoom-in once = Super-key right-click
- Zoom-in manually = Super-key + wheel mouse up
- Zoom-out manually = Super-key + wheel mouse down
- Move window = Alt + left-click
- Snap Move window (will stick to borders) = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
- Resize window = Alt + right-click
Kaupalliset ohjelmat
Asenna Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin)
- Käytä Windowsia Linuxissa
http://www.win4lin.com
Asenna (CrossOver Office)
- Photoshopin ja Officen saa toimimaan Linuxissa
http://www.codeweavers.com
Asenna Cedega
- Cedegan avulla voi ajaa Windows-käyttöjärjestelmää varten tehtyjä pelejä Linuxissa. Voit myös kääntää Cedegan lähdekoodista, joka on saatavilla ilmaiseksi.
http://www.transgaming.com
Käyttäjänhallinta
Luo root käyttäjälle uusi salasana
- Root käyttäjän salasanan luominen aktivoi rootin käyttäjätilin
- Root käyttäjätilin luonti ei ole suositeltavaa, rikot samalla Ubuntun oletustoiminnan
- Jos aivan varmasti tiedät mitä teet, niin lisää root käyttäjälle salasana
sudo passwd root
Muuta root:in salasana
sudo passwd -l root
Kuinka sallia root:in kirjautuminen GNOMEen
Järjestelmä > Hallinta > Kirjautumisikkuna
Turvallisuus-välilehti > Turvallisuus > Salli ylläpitäjän paikallinen kirjautuminen (valittuna)
Kuinka käytät komentorivia pääkäyttäjäoikeuksilla?
sudo -s -H Password: <aseta salasanasi>
Kuinka lisätä/muokata/poistaa järjestelmän käyttäjiä ja ryhmiä
Gnome-työpöydässä järjestelmän käyttäjien ja ryhmien muokkaaminen tapahtuu valikossa Järjestelmä -> Hallinta-->Käyttäjä ja ryhmät
- Lisää uusi käyttäjä komennolla
sudo useradd jim
- Poista käyttäjä komennolla
sudo userdel jim
- lisää tietoa saa komennolla
man usermod
Kuinka kirjaudutaan automaattisesti Gnomeen? (alentaa tietoturvaa)
Järjestelmä > Hallinta > Kirjautumisikkuna
Turvallisuus-välilehti > Käytä automaattista kirjautumista
- Valitse käyttäjä alasvetovalikosta
Kuinka jokaiselle käyttäjälle annetaan pääkäyttäjän oikeudet (alentaa tietoturvaa)
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
- Lisää seuraava rivi tiedoston loppuun ja tallenna.
system_username ALL=(ALL) ALL
Kuinka "sudo"-sessio lopetetaan
sudo -K
Kuinka tiedostojen/kansioiden oikeuksia muutetaan
Napsauta oikealla hiiren näppäimellä tiedostoja tai kansioita -> Ominaisuudet
Oikeudet-välilehti -> Luku/Kirjoitus/Suoritus (Valitse oikeudet Omistajalle/Ryhmälle/Muille)
sudo chmod käyttäjänimi /paikka_tiedostoille_tai_kansioille
Kuinka tiedostojen/kansioiden omistaja muutetaan
sudo chown käyttäjänimi /paikka_tiedostoille_tai_kansioille
Kuinka tiedostojen/kansioiden ryhmien omistaja muutetaan
sudo chgrp käyttäjänimi /paikka_tiedostoille_tai_kansioille
sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders
sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders
Laitteisto
Kuinka asennetaan näytönohjaimet ajurit (NVIDIA)
sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-common sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
Kuinka NVIDIA-logo poistetaan Gnomen käynnistyksestä
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
- Etsi kohta
... Section "Device"
Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]" Driver "nvidia" BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
...
- Lisää seuraava rivi ja tallenna
Option "NoLogo"
Kuinka näytönohjaimen ajurit (ATI) asennetaan
- Katso epävirallinen ATIn Linux ajurien wiki http://wiki.cchtml.com/index.php/Ubuntu_Installation_Guide
- Tai http://www.Ubuntu-fi.org
Kuinka tunnistaa modeemin piiri
sudo apt-get install build-essential wget
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem chmod +x scanModem sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/
- Tunnistaaksesi modeemin "chipset"in
sudo scanModem gedit Modem/ModemData.txt
Ota Windowsin WLAN-ajuri Linuxin käyttöön (Ndiswrapper)
- Jotta ndiswrapper toimisi, tarvitset langatonta verkkokorttiasi varten tehdyn Windows-ajurin
- Asenna ndiswrapper vain, jos Linux ei tue verkkokorttiasi
- Luettelo tuetuista korteista löytyy täältä: http://ndiswrapper.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/index.php/List
sudo apt-get install ndiswrapper-utils sudo ndiswrapper -i /location_of_your_wireless_driver/your_driver.inf sudo ndiswrapper -l
- Unload ACX module and load ndiswrapper
lsmod | grep acx sudo rmmod acx (only if the module was found. It could also be acx_pci or similar) modprobe ndiswrapper
- Aseta ndiswrapper latautumaan käynnistyksen yhteydessä
sudo ndiswrapper -m sudo gedit /etc/modules
Lisää seuraava moduli luetteloon
ndiswrapper
- Nyt voit konfiguroida verkkokorttisi komennoilla ifconfig ja iwconfig.
Oletetaan, että wlan0 on langaton verkkokorttisi:
sudo iwconfig wlan0 essid "AP" key ababababababababab mode Managed iwconfig
Nyt sinun pitäisi nähdä liitospisteen MAC-osoite ja signaalin voimakkuus.
Asenna modeemin ajuri (SmartLink)
uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386) wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon
Kuinka konfiguroidaan PalmOS laitteet
sudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules
- lisää tiedostoon seuraavat rivit
BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"
- tallenna
- Lisää pilot-applet paneeliin napsauttamalla hiiren oikealla korvalla tyhjää kohtaa ja valitsemalla "Lisää paneeliin"
- Seuraa näytölle tulevia ohjeita
Kuinka osiotaulu listataan
sudo fdisk -l
* Voit myös käyttää Järjestelmä -> Hallinta -> Levyt
Kuinka tiedostojärjestelmän levytilan käyttö listataan
df -T -h
- Voit katsoa sen myös menemällä Järjestelmä -> Hallinta -> Levyt
Kuinka tiedostojärjestelmään liitetyt laitteet listataan
mount
Kuinka PCI-laitteet listataan
lspci
Kuinka USB-laitteet listataan
lsusb
Kuinka CD/DVD-ROM:n nopeutta nostetaan
Esimerkissä oletetaan että /dev/cdrom on CD/DVD-ROM asemasi sijainti
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
* Lisää seuraavat rivit tiedoston loppuun ja tallenna
/dev/cdrom { dma = on }
Kuinka CD/DVD-ROM liitetään tiedostojärjestelmään
Esimerkissä oletetaan että /dev/cdrom on CD/DVD-ROM asemasi sijainti
- Liittääksesi CD/DVD-ROM:n
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
- Irroittaaksesi CD/DVD-ROM:n
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/
Kuinka CD/DVD-ROM irrotetaan tiedostojärjestelmästä
Esimerkissä oletetaan että /dev/cdrom on CD/DVD-ROM asemasi sijainti
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l
Kuinka ottaa /etc/fstab:in muutokset käyttöön ilman uudelleen käynnistämistä
sudo mount -a
Kuinka asentaa "Wacom tablet"
For a detailed guide with screenshots about how to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications, please follow the official Dapper guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com//Wacom
With the version of the Linux Wacom driver (0.7.2) in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake, if you unplug you tablet, it won't function when you plug it back in and you will have to restart X. For this reason, it is best to leave the tablet plugged in. This limitation will be removed when the 0.7.4 version of the driver is included in Ubuntu.
* lue ohjelman mukana tulleet tiedotteet (release notes)
* 1. Using Synaptic package manager1, check if the packages xserver-xorg-input-wacom and wacom-tools are already installed - if not, install them. If you prefer using the command line, you can also execute :
sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-wacom wacom-tools
- 2. Save a copy of your /etc/X11/xorg.conf :
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup
* then edit it with the command line :
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* and change all /dev/wacom occurences into /dev/input/wacom (created by wacom-tools udev scripts), then save the file.
* You should be ready to go after you have restarted X. Remember to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications (Gimp, Inkscape), however you can already check if it's working by moving your stylus on the tablet : the mouse cursor should go through the whole screen.
CD/DVD Poltto
Kuinka cd-rw -levy alustetaan?
Esimerkissä oletetaan että /dev/cdrom on CD/DVD-ROM asemasi sijainti
sudo umount /dev/cdrom cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
Kuinka tiedostoja tai kansioita poltetaan CD/DVD:lle?
- Grillaamalla CD-levyjä eli näin...
nautilus burn:/// * File Browser: CD/DVD Creator
* Drag files/folders into window
File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write
Kuinka levykuva (.iso) poltetaan CD/DVD:lle?
- Saman voi tehdä myös K3b:llä tai Gnomebakerilla.
Napsauta oikella hiiren korvalla Image-tiedostoa (ISO) -> Kirjoita cd:lle... -> Kirjoita
====Kuinka kopioida CD/DVD====
* Lue #General Notes * Lue #Kuinka luoda levykuva CD/DVD:n tiedostoista * Lue #Kuinka polttaa .iso tiedostoja CD/DVD:lle?
Kuinka luoda levykuva CD/DVD:n tiedostoista
* Lue #General Notes
Esimerkissä oletetaan että /dev/cdrom on CD/DVD-ROM asemasi sijainti
sudo umount /dev/cdrom dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024
Kuinka luoda levykuva tiedostot kansioista
* Lue #General Notes
mkisofs -o file.iso /kansion_sijainti/
Kuinka MD5 tarkistustiedostot luodaan
* Lue #General Notes
md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
Kuinka MD5 tarkistussumma lasketaan
* Lue #General Notes
Esimerkissä oletetaan että tiedostot tiedosto.iso ja tiedosto.iso.md5 ovat samassa kansiossa
md5sum -c tiedosto.iso.md5
Kuinka levykuva (ISO) liitetään polttamatta sitä
- Lue #General Notes
- Liittääksesi Levykuvan (ISO)
sudo mkdir /media/iso sudo modprobe loop sudo mount tiedosto.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
- Irrottaaksesi (ISO) tiedoston
sudo umount /media/iso/
Kuinka CD/DVD:n polttamisnopeus asetetaan
* Read #General Notes * Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor * Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)
How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner
* Read #General Notes * Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor * Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)
How to enable overburn for CD/DVD Burner
* Read #General Notes * Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor * Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)
Kuinka luoda multisession DVD+-RW disks
* example Nero
Kuinka MP3-tiedostoista tehdään audio-CD (GnomeBaker)
* Read #General Notes * Read #How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (GnomeBaker)
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.8-misc sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.8-mad
* Applications -> Sound & Video -> GnomeBaker
Internet työskentely
Kuinka Google Talk konfiguroidaan
- See the answer at Google Talk Help Center
Kuinka verkkoyhteyksiä otetaan käyttöön tai lopetetaan
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Networking
- Network settings
Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate
Kuinka verkkoyhteys konfiguroidaan
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Networking
- Network settings
Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Properties Connection -> Enable this connection (Checked) Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"
DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete
Kuinka modeemiyhteys konfiguroidaan =
- Read #General Notes
- To configure dialup
sudo pppconfig
- To connect dialup
sudo pon provider_name
- To disconnect dialup
sudo poff
Kuinka laajakaistayhteys konfiguroidaan
- Read #General Notes
sudo pppoeconf
Kuinka tietokoneen nimi vaihdetaan
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Networking
- Network settings
General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name
- Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
Kuinka muutetaan tietokoneen kuvausta
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Find this line
... server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu) ...
- Korvaa seuraavalla rivillä
server string = new_computer_descriptions
- Tallenna muokattu tiedosto
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka to change computer Domain/Workgroup
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Find this line
... workgroup = MSHOME ...
- Replace with the following line
workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
- Save the edited file
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka annetaan koneen nimi (hostname) tietokoneelle, jolla ei ole staattista IP-osoitetta käyttäen ilmaista DynDNS-palvelua
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
- Register free Dynamic DNS at http://www.dyndns.com/services/dns/dyndns
sudo apt-get install ipcheck sudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
- Insert the following lines into the new file
#!/bin/sh USERNAME=myusername PASSWORD=mypassword HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org cd /root/ if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME else ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME fi
- Save the edited file
sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh sudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
Kuinka kansioita jaetaan helpolla tavalla
Right click on folder -> Share folder
Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB" Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name
Kuinka selataan paikallisverkon tietokoneita
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly
- Read #How to access network folders without mounting
- Places -> Network Servers
Kuinka päästään käsiksi verkkokansioihin liittämättä niitä tiedostojärjestelmään
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Press 'Alt+F2' (Run Application...) and enter:
smb://192.168.0.1/linux
Kuinka liitetään/irrotetaan verkkokansioita ja annetaan kaikille käyttäjille lukuoikeus niihin
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Network computer's Username: myusername
- Network computer's Password: mypassword
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Local mount folder: /media/sharename
- Liitä verkkokansio
sudo mkdir /media/sharename sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword
- Irrota verkkokansio
sudo umount /media/sharename/
Kuinka liitetään/irrotetaan verkkokansioita ja annetaan kaikille käyttäjille luku- ja kirjoitusoikeus niihin
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Network computer's Username: myusername
- Network computer's Password: mypassword
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Local mount folder: /media/sharename
- To mount network folder
sudo mkdir /media/sharename sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777
- To unmount network folder
sudo umount /media/sharename/
Kuinka liitetään/irrotetaan verkkokansiot käynnistyksen yhteydessä ja annetaan kaikille käyttäjille lukuoikeus niihin
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Network computer's Username: myusername
- Network computer's Password: mypassword
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
- Insert the following lines into the new file
username=myusername password=mypassword
- Save the edited file
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file
//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials 0 0
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting
Kuinka liitetään/irrotetaan verkkokansiot käynnistyksen yhteydessä ja annetaan kaikille käyttäjille luku- ja kirjoitusoikeus niihin
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Network computer's Username: myusername
- Network computer's Password: mypassword
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
- Insert the following lines into the new file
username=myusername password=mypassword
- Save the edited file
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file
//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777 0 0
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting
Kuinka ipw2200-verkkokortti ja wpa otetaan käyttöön
- See Ubuntuforuns.org how-tos
Kuinka konfiguroidaan ja käynnistetään PPTP-tunneli (VPN)
- Read #General Notes
- Use these instructions to automatically install PPTP Client
- OR
- Install manually
wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gz tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz sudo sh ./pptp/install
- To configure PPTP Client
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop
- Replace content of this file with the following lines
[Desktop Entry] Name=PPTP Client Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN) Categories=Application;Network Encoding=UTF-8 Exec=gksudo pptpconfig Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png StartupNotify=true Terminal=false Type=Application
- The above lines change the default file in three ways: the application is placed in the Application/Internet category, gksudo will make the application run as superuser and we put a nice icon that appears in the menu.
- Start the client with Applications -> Internet -> PPTP Client
Kuinka to Configure Ubuntu/Kubuntu with WPA using Network-Manager
Ubuntu Dapper in typical cases can configure WPA to work out of the box with minimal hassle. You'll need to install network-manager.
For Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install network-manager-gnome
For Kubuntu (will install knetworkmanager):
sudo apt-get install network-mananger-kde
Logout/Reboot.
Ubuntu users should now see the NetworkManager Applet in the Gnome notification area. Kubuntu users will probably have to run knetworkmanager before they see NetworkManager in the systray.
- Note: If you get a "The NetworkManager applet could not find some required resources. It cannot continue." message, then:
sudo gtk-update-icon-cache -f /usr/share/icons/hicolor
Once Network-Manager is installed, click on the NM icon in the notification area (default is at the top right of Ubuntu/Gnome). Choose your network, then enter your passphrase. Type a password for the keyring, and you're set.
If you don't see your network, click "Create New Wireless Network...", type your essid/networkname, then choose "WPA Personal" for wireless security.
- Note: If you installed Kubuntu then installed ubuntu-desktop & network-manager-gnome, you may not be able to use network-manager in Gnome, if at all. In this case, you may have to use WPA Supplicant and do some manual editing of conf files to get WPA up and running.
- Note: When you first log into Gnome/KDE, the keyring application will ask for a password. Future revisions of Network-Manager should resolve this.
Etähallinta (remote desktop)
Etätyöpöydän konfigurointi (ei turvallinen)
- Read #General Notes
- Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
- Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
- Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended
- System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
- Remote Desktop Preferences
Sharing -> Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked) Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)
Security -> Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked) Require the user to enter this password: (Checked) Password: Specify the password
How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
- Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
- To quit vncviewer
Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer
How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
- Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port the default one is 5900
- This process is called port forwarding port forwarding
- Download DotNetVNC: Here
- this is a free DotNet version that require the DotNet framework available from microsoft here
- Remember tha this is only one VNC client i've found searching in internet, search the one is more suitable for your interest
- Open the VNC client you have chosen, and insert the connection string formatted like this <LINUX BOX IP><:DESKTOP NUMBER>|<::PORT>
- In example use: 192.168.1.2:0 or 192.168.1.2::5900 to connect to desktop 0, to connect to desktop 1 use 192.168.1.2:1 or 192.168.1.2::5901 and so on
How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via OSX
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
- Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port the default one is 5900
- This process is called port forwarding port forwarding
- Download ChickenOfTheVNC: Here
- Open ChickenOfTheVNC, and insert the host (IP adress of remote machine), the display number (0 is default and is port 5900) and the password.
- In example use: Host: 192.168.0.1, Display 0, Password: password
Windows
Kuinka Windows-partitiot (NTFS) liitetään tiedostojärjestelmään/irrotetaan tiedostojärjestelmästä käsin?
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to list partition tables
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
- Liitetään Windows-partitio:
sudo mkdir /media/windows sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
- Irrotetaan Windows-partitio
sudo umount /media/windows/
How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to list partition tables
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
- To mount Windows partition
sudo mkdir /media/windows sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
- To unmount Windows partition
sudo umount /media/windows/
How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to list partition tables
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file
/dev/hda1 /media/windows ntfs nls=utf8,umask=0222 0 0
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting
How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to list partition tables
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file
/dev/hda1 /media/windows vfat iocharset=utf8,umask=000 0 0
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting
How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow users read and write access
Warning: Ntfs writing support is still experimental. You should not enable it on production machines and/or volumes you don't have backups of. Proceed at your own risk!
- Read #General Notes
sudo apt-get install libfuse2 fuse-utils
- Download the latest ntfsprogs package (these are from the Dapper repositories, so they are safe to install.)
libntfs8 ntfsprogs libfuse2 fuse-utils
- Install the downloaded packages
sudo dpkg -i libfuse2_*.deb fuse-utils_*.deb ntfsprogs_*.deb libntfs8_*.deb
- Add fuse to the list of modules to load
echo fuse | sudo tee -a /etc/modules
- Create a user group to access the ntfs disks
sudo addgroup ntfs
- The output should look something like this, remember the GID (the number printed after the group name) as it may differ and we will need it later:
- Adding group `ntfs' (1002)...
- Done.
- Create the local mount folder folder and edit the fstab file to mount the disks to this folder.
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file, using the GID number previously. The umask following this GID allows write access just to owner (root) and group (ntfs), and read access to everyone.
/dev/hda1 /media/windows ntfs-fuse auto,gid=1002,umask=0002 0 0
- Save the edited file.
- Add users to the ntfs group, where "username" is the name of the user you would like to have write access
sudo adduser username ntfs
- Fix Dapper bug #29865 of the linux-ntfs package:
sudo rm /sbin/mount.ntfs-fuse && sudo ln /usr/bin/ntfsmount /sbin/mount.ntfs-fuse
- If you reboot now, the disk will be writable to the selected users when they logon. If you want the changes to take effect immediately without rebooting, execute the following command, ignoring the errors about "/" and others not being unmounted. You'll have to logout from all your user sessions for the new group to be acknowledged (usually a logout from your graphical session and login back again will do it).
sudo modprobe fuse && sudo umount -a && sudo mount -a
- Further troubleshooting is listed at this comprehensive howto thread.
Turvallisuus
What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu
- Read #General Notes
- Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
- To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
- To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
- To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
- Ensure a password is set for BIOS
- To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
- Ensure computer is located at a secured place
- To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
- To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
- Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
- To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
- Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
- Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
- Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
- To prevent trespassers from modifying kernel boot-up arguments which allows them to have root user access
- Read #How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu
- Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
- To prevent trespassers from seeing previously issued commands
- Read #How to disable history listing in Console mode
- Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
- To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
- Read [[#How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode]]
- Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
- To prevent accidental removal/overwritten of files/folders
- Read #How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode
- For day to day usage, login as a normal user
- To prevent accidental deletion/modification of system files/folders
- Read #How to add/edit/delete system users
- Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
- To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
- "sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
- Read #How to disable root user account
- Install a Firewall
- A firewall does not guarantee security but it is in most environments the first line of defense against network based attacks
- Read #How to install Firewall (Firestarter)
- Perform vulnerability test
- Nessus is a great tool designed to automate the testing and discovery of known security problems
- Read #How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)
How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu
- Read #General Notes
grub
grub> md5crypt Password: ****** (ubuntu) Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password) grub> quit
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Find this section
... ## password ['--md5'] passwd # If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing # control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the # command 'lock' # e.g. password topsecret # password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/ # password topsecret ...
- Add the following line below it
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
- Find this section
... title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode) root (hd0,1) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386 savedefault boot ...
- Replace with the following lines
#title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode) #root (hd0,1) #kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single #initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386 #savedefault #boot
- Save the edited file
How to disable history listing in Console mode
- Read #General Notes
rm -f $HOME/.bash_history touch $HOME/.bash_history chmod 000 $HOME/.bash_history
How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode
- Read #General Notes
sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup sudo gedit /etc/inittab
- Find this line
... ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now ...
- Replace with the following line
#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
- Save the edited file
sudo telinit q
How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode
- Read #General Notes
sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
- Append the following lines at the end of file
alias rm='rm -i' alias cp='cp -i' alias mv='mv -i'
- Save the edited file
Huoltotila
Kuinka to gain root user access without login
- Read #General Notes
- Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
- Boot-up computer
- If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
- Select
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
- Press 'Enter' to boot
- Other methods
How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access
- Read #General Notes
- Boot-up computer
- If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
- If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
- Select
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386
- Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
- Select
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
- Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
- Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments
grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash
- Press 'b' to boot
How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access
- Read #General Notes
- Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
- At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument
boot: rescue
- Follow the instructions on screen
How to change root user/main user password if forgotten
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to gain root user access without login
- To change root user password
# passwd root
- To change main user password
# passwd system_main_username
How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten
- Read #General Notes
grub
grub> md5crypt Password: ****** (ubuntu) Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password) grub> quit
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Find this line
... password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/ ...
- Replace with the following line
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
- Save the edited file
How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda is the location of /boot partition
# grub-install /dev/hda
How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to list partition tables
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Append the following lines at the end of file
title Microsoft Windows root (hd0,0) savedefault makeactive chainloader +1
- Save the edited file
How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine
- Read #General Notes
- Download Explore2fs: Here
- OR
- See www.fs-driver.org
Taikatemppuja
Kuinka GNOME päivitetään, ilman että konetta käynnistetään uudestaan
- Read #General Notes
- Save and close all opened applications
Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'
- or
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
Kuinka to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
sudo apt-get install numlockx sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup sudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default
- Find this line
... exit 0
- Add the following lines above it
if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then /usr/bin/numlockx on fi
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer
How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Preferences -> Sessions
- Sessions
Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete
Kuinka to speed-up your Ubuntu box
- Read the following post: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=189192
Kuinka to switch to Päätemodeen GNOMEssa
- Read #General Notes
- To switch to Console mode
Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
- To switch between consles in Console mode
Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
- To switch back to GNOME mode
Press 'Alt + F7'
Kuinka estää Ctrl+Alt+Backspace käynnistämästä X-palvelinta uudestaan (Gnomessa)
- Read #General Notes
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
Section "ServerFlags" Option "DontZap" "yes" EndSection
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer
Kuinka Ctrl+Alt+Del asetetaan avaamaan System Monitor (Gnomessa)
- Read #General Notes
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete" gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"
Kuinka Gnome-työpöytä päivitetään
- Read #General Notes
killall nautilus
Kuinka to refresh GNOME panel
- Read #General Notes
killall gnome-panel
Kuinka Gedit-editorissa otetaan automaattinen tallennus käyttöön ja poistetaan varmuuskopioiden ottaminen
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
- Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy (Unchecked) / -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save (Checked)
Kuinka Nautilus saadaan näyttämään kätketyt tiedostot ja kansiot
- Read #General Notes
- Places -> Home Folder
- To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
Press 'Ctrl + H'
- To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
Edit Menu -> Preferences
Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)
Kuinka tiedostoja selataan Nautiluksen avulla pääkäyttäjänä
- Read #General Notes
- To install File Browser (Root)
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry] Name=File Browser (Root) Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U" Icon=file-manager Terminal=false Type=Application Categories=Application;System;
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to refresh GNOME panel
- To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
- Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)
Kuinka vaihdetaan tiedostotyypin avaavaa oletusohjelmaa
- Read #General Notes
Right click on file -> Properties
Open With Tab -> Add Select "Open with" program
Select "Open with" program (Checked)
Kuinka sähköpostiohjelmaoletus vaihdetaan Mozilla Thunderbird-ohjelmaksi
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird)
- System -> Preferences -> Preferred Applications
- Preferred Applications
Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s
Kuinka oikea hiirinäppäin saadaan avaamaan tiedostot pääkäyttäjänä
- Read #General Notes
gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
- Insert the following lines into the new file
for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do gksudo "gnome-open $uri" & done
- Save the edited file
chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root
Kuinka päätteen äänimerkki otetaan pois päältä
Not for Dapper---- firingstone
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal
- Terminal
Edit Menu -> Current Profile...
General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)
Kuinka to handle mss protocol in Mozilla Firefox
- Open your firefox.
- Type as url: about:config
Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose "new", then "string". Then copy the following line into the appearing text field:
network.protocol-handler.app.mms
Into the next text field copy this:
/usr/bin/X11/vlc
Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but "boolean", and the line to copy is:
network.protocol-handler.external.mms
Then set
true
Kuinka to handle rtsp (realmedia) protocol in Mozilla Firefox
- Open your firefox.
- Type as url: about:config
Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose "new", then "string". Then copy the following line into the appearing text field:
network.protocol-handler.app.rtsp
Into the next text field copy this:
/usr/bin/X11/realplay
Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but "boolean", and the line to copy is:
network.protocol-handler.external.rtsp
Then set
true
Kuinka Mozilla Firefox saadaan lataamaan sivu nopeammin
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
- Mozilla Firefox
Address Bar -> about:config
Filter: -> network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true network.http.pipelining -> true network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8 network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true
- Restart Mozilla Firefox
Kuinka to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
- Mozilla Firefox
Address Bar -> about:config
Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false
- Restart Mozilla Firefox
Yksinkertainen pakettienhallinta (Synaptic)
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
- To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
- Settings -> Repositories
- In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
- You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository
- To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
- Settings -> Repositories
- Click on Add and then Custom
- Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time:
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu dapper-commercial main
- Päivitä pakettiluettelo (vastaa komentorivin komentoa: apt-get update)
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
- Asenna kaikki mahdolliset päivitykset (vastaa komentorivin komentoa: apt-get upgrade)
Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
- Etsi pakettia (vastaa komentorivin komentoa: apt-cache search paketin_nimi)
Edit Menu -> Search... anna paketin nimi
- Asenna valitsemasi paketti (vastaa komentorivin komentoa: apt-get install paketin_nimi)
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
- Poista valitsemasi paketti (vastaa komentorivin komentoa: apt-get remove paketin_nimi)
Select "package_name" Package Menu -> Mark for Removal Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
Mitä paketteja ylimääräisissä pakettivarastoissa on?
- The PLF repository provides
- DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
- Skype
- Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
- Opera Web browser
- RealPlayer 10
- Win32 binary multimedia codecs
Kuinka .deb-paketteja asennetaan tai poistetaan?
- Read #General Notes
- To install .deb file
sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
- To uninstall .deb file
sudo dpkg -r package_name
Kuinka to convert .rpm files to .deb files
- Read #General Notes
sudo alien package_file.rpm
Kuinka hakemiston kaikki tiedostot uudelleennimetään kerralla
- Read #General Notes
- To install "mvb" file name renamer
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/ sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/ sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb
- To rename all files in directory at once
mvb NEW_NAME
Kuinka hakemiston kaikkia kuvatiedostoja muokataan kerralla?
- Read #General Notes
- To install bash batch image processing script
sudo apt-get install imagemagick wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips
- To manipulate all image files in directory at once
bbips
Kuinka järjestelmänlaajuisia ympäristömuuttujia asetetaan?
- Read #General Notes
sudo cp -p /etc/profile /etc/profile_backup sudo gedit /etc/profile
- Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
- Save the edited file
How to save "man" outputs into files
- Read #General Notes
man command | col -b > file.txt
Kuinka GRUB-valikko piilotetaan?
- Read #General Notes
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Find this line
... #hiddenmenu ...
- Replace with the following line
hiddenmenu
- Save the edited file
Kuinka to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up
- Read #General Notes
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Find this line
... timeout 3 ...
- Replace with the following line
timeout X_seconds
- Save the edited file
Kuinka vaihdetaan GRUB:n oletusarvoisesti käynnistämä järjestelmä
- Lue #General Notes
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Etsi rivi
... default 0 ...
- Korvaa seuraavalla rivillä
default X_sequence
- Tallenna rivi
How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/ sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Find this section
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8) # grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8), # grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub # and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/. ...
- Add the following line below it
splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz
- Save the edited file
How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
- splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu
convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm
- Read #How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up (use splashimage.xpm.gz instead of ubuntu.xpm.gz)
Kuinka GRUB:n valikkoa muokataan näyttämään vain yksi kernel
- Lue #General Notes
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup-`date +%F` sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Etsi seuraava rivi:
... # howmany=all ...
- Korvaa seuraavalla rivillä:
# howmany=1
Arvo 1 tarkoittaa, että viimeisin kernel säilytetään, arvo 2 säilyttää kaksi kerneliä jne. ÃÂlä poista merkkiä #. Valikko päivittyy samalla kun järjestelmään asennetaan seuraava uusi kernel, ei aikaisemmin.
- Tallenna muokkaamasi tiedosto
How to temporary skip boot-up services
- Read #General Notes
Press 'Ctrl + C'
Kuinka to muokataan automaattisesti käynnistyviä palvelimia
Kuinka to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown
- Read #General Notes
sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup sudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd
- Find this section
... stop) log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..." start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile log_end_msg $? ...
- Add the following line below it
rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
- Save the edited file
How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode
- Read #General Notes
- To scroll up to view previously outputs
Press 'Shift + Page Up'
- To scroll down to view previously outputs
Press 'Shift + Page Down'
How to find out which version of Ubuntu I am using
cat /etc/issue
Automaattinen taustan muuttaminen (GNOME)
- Read #General Notes
mkdir ~/.backgrounds cd ~/.backgrounds wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/change_background.py chmod +x change_background.py
- Muuttaaksesi taustakuvan joka käynnistyksen yhteydessä
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
- Lisää seuraava rivi tiedoston loppuun:
@reboot ~/.backgrounds/change_background.py
- Lisätietoja ajastetuista prosesseista (cronjob) saat:
man 5 crontab
- ~/.backgrounds is hidden directory, see #How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
- Kopioi taustakuvatiedostot hakemistoon ~/.backgrounds
Kuinka KDE:n taustakuva saadaan vaihtumaan automaattisesti
- Read #General Notes
- Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
- Choose Slide Show
- Press Setup...
- Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
- Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
- Press 'OK'
How to add keyboard layouts for other languages
- Read #General Notes
- Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
- Choose Layouts
- Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
- Choose Layout Options
- Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
- Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
- Press Close.
See #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.
How to add keyboard layouts toggle for other languages (Xfce)
- use *.lst files on /etc/X11/xkb/rules to select 2nd_laguage_code
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,2nd_laguage_code
- you can add it to a startup file, which will be set to be executed on startup, with the following lines (remember to 'chmod +x' the file):
#!/bin/tcsh setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,il
How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet
- Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
- Click Add to Panel...
- Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)
The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.
How to type extended characters
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add keyboard layouts for other languages
- Read #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet
- Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
- Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.
The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.
- ' + a = á
- ' + e = é
- and so on for i-ÃÂ, o-ó, y-ý, c-ÃÂ, z-à º, n-à Â, l-ú, u-ú, r-à Â
- " + a = ä
- " + e = ë
- and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö
Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à, è, ù, ì, ò. Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, à ©, é, õ, ñ.
To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively. To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.
There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,
- RightAlt+q = ä
- RightAlt+w = ÃÂ¥
- RightAlt+e = é
- RightAlt+r = î
- RightAlt+t = þ
- RightAlt+y = ü
- RightAlt+u = ú
- RightAlt+i = ÃÂ
- RightAlt+o = ó
- RightAlt+p = ö
- RightAlt+[ and ] for ë and û respectively.
- RightAlt+a = á
- RightAlt+s = ÃÂ
- RightAlt+d = ð
- RightAlt+l = ø
- RightAlt+; = ö
- RightAlt+: = ð
- RightAlt+z = æ
- RightAlt+c = é
- RightAlt+n = ñ
- RightAlt+m = õ
- RightAlt+, = ç
- RightAlt+/ = ÿ
- RightAlt+1 = á
- RightAlt+2 = ò
- RightAlt+3 = ó
- RightAlt+4 = ä
- RightAlt+5 = â¬
- RightAlt+6 = ü
- RightAlt+7 = ý
- RightAlt+8 = þ
- RightAlt+9 = âÂÂ
- RightAlt+0 = âÂÂ
- RightAlt+- = ÃÂ¥
- RightAlt+= = ÃÂ
- RightAlt+! = ù
- RightAlt+@, then o = à  (and à Â).
- RightAlt+#, then a = à(and ÃÂ). Similarly for ÃÂÃÂ, à «à ª, ëê, à Âà Â.
- RightAlt+$ = ã
- RightAlt+% =
- RightAlt+^ =
- RightAlt+& =
- RightAlt+*, then a = à(and ÃÂ). Similarly for ÃÂÃÂ, ïî.
- RightAlt+(, then a = ÃÂ (and ÃÂ)
- RightAlt+(, then g = ÃÂ (and ÃÂ)
- RightAlt+), then a = ÃÂ¥ (and ÃÂ )
- RightAlt+_ =
- RightAlt++ = ÷
How to set the Compose key to type special characters
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add keyboard layouts for other languages
- Read #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet
- Click System, Preferences, Keyboard.
- Under Layout Options, expand on Compose key position.
- Choose Right-Win key is compose, click Close.
Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to this keyboard settings file. Specifically, the lines that start with GDK_Multi_key are those that we can use here. The Compose key is actually GDK_Multi_key.
Some examples,
- RightWin + C + = produces â¬
- RightWin + = + C produces â¬
- RightWin + C + O produces é
- RightWin + O + C produces é
- RightWin + a + ' produces á
- RightWin + a + " produces ä
- RightWin + a + ` produces ÃÂ
- RightWin + a + ~ produces ã
- RightWin + a + * produces ÃÂ¥
- RightWin + a + ^ produces â
- RightWin + a + > produces â
- RightWin + a + , produces ÃÂ
- RightWin + e + - produces ÃÂ
- RightWin + S + 1 produces ù
- RightWin + S + 2 produces ò
- RightWin + S + 3 produces ó
How to install ubuntu-title font used in Ubuntu logo
- Read #General Notes
sudo apt-get install ttf-ubuntu-title
Now you can use this font in your favorite applications
Palvelinkäyttö
AntiVirus Server
How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
sudo apt-get install clamav
Kuinka virustietokannat päivitetään käsin
sudo freshclam
Kuinka tarkastetaan tiedostoja/kansioita virusten varalta käsin
sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
Kuinka tarkastetaan tiedostoja/kansioita virusten varalta automaattisesti
- e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday
- * * * * * means minute hour date month year
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo crontab -e
- Append the following line at the end of file
00 00 * * * sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
- Tallenna muuttamasi tiedosto
Kirjoitinpalvelin (cupsd)
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
Kuinka cupsd asemmetaam
- Cupsd should be automatically installed during standard instaltion. Checkout if there is a file "/etc/init.d/cupsys". If you want to manually install it, do
sudo apt-get install cupsys*
Kuinka kirjoitin lisätään
- In gnome click on "System/Administration/Printing. And choose "Add printer". A "add printer wizard" should start and tell you what to do.
Kuinka tulostat toiselta Ubuntu-koneelta toisen Ubuntun kirjoittimeen
- Varmista, että kirjoitin on oikein konfiguroitu
- Server ip address: 192.168.0.1
- Client ip address: 192.168.0.23
- Palvelimen konfigurointi
sudo cp /etc/cups/cupsd.conf /etc/cups/cupsd.conf.backup sudo gedit /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
- etsi osa
<Location /> ... Allow localhost ... </Location>
- lisää siihen seuraava rivi.
Allow 192.168.0.23
- Käynnistä cups uudestaan.
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
- Asiakkaan konfigurointi
sudo cp /etc/cups/client.conf /etc/cups/client.conf.backup sudo gedit /etc/cups/client.conf
- Lisää seuraava rivi
ServerName 192.168.0.1
- Käynnistä cups uudestaan
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
- Kokeile komentoa "lpq". Jotain seuraavantapaista pitäisi tulla näkyviin
vitek@lightfox:~$ lpq HPLJ6P is ready no entries
Kuinka tulostat Windows-koneelta Ubuntun kirjoittimeen
- Read #How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service
- Read #How to print on remote Ubuntu machine via samba
Samba-palvelin
Kuinka asentaa Samba Serverin tiedostoille/kansioille sharing service
sudo apt-get install samba smbfs
Kuinka verkon käyttäjiä muokataan
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service
- To add network user
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username sudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
- Lisää seuraavat rivit tiedostoon ja tallenna
system_username = "network username"
- To edit network user
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
- To delete network user
sudo smbpasswd -x system_username
Kuinka kotikansio jaetaan antaen vain lukuoikeus (Authentication=Yes)
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Etsi tämä rivi
... ; security = user ...
- ja korvaa se seuraavilla riveillä ja tallenna
security = user username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka kotikansio jaetaan antaen sekä luku- että kirjoitusoikeus (Authentication=Yes)
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Etsi tämä rivi
... ; security = user ...
- ja korvaa se tällä ja tallenna
security = user username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Etsi tämä osa:
... # By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next # parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them. writable = no ...
- Muuta writable-asetus:
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next # parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them. writable = yes
- Tallenna muokkaamasi tiedosto
- Read #How to add/edit/delete network users
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)
sudo mkdir /home/group sudo chmod 777 /home/group/ sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Find this line
... ; security = user ...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[Group] comment = Group Folder path = /home/group public = yes writable = no valid users = system_username1 system_username2 create mask = 0700 directory mask = 0700 force user = nobody force group = nogroup
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to add/edit/delete network users
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)
sudo mkdir /home/group sudo chmod 777 /home/group/ sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Etsi tämä rivi
... ; security = user ...
- ja korvaa se tällä
security = user username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[Group] comment = Group Folder path = /home/group public = yes writable = yes valid users = system_username1 system_username2 create mask = 0700 directory mask = 0700 force user = nobody force group = nogroup
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to add/edit/delete network users
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)
sudo mkdir /home/public sudo chmod 777 /home/public/ sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Find this line
... ; security = user ...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[public] comment = Public Folder path = /home/public public = yes writable = no create mask = 0777 directory mask = 0777 force user = nobody force group = nogroup
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to add/edit/delete network users
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)
sudo mkdir /home/public sudo chmod 777 /home/public/ sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Find this line
... ; security = user ...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[public] comment = Public Folder path = /home/public public = yes writable = yes create mask = 0777 directory mask = 0777 force user = nobody force group = nogroup
- Save the edited file
- Read #How to add/edit/delete network users
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka to share public kansiot with read only permission (Authentication=No)
sudo mkdir /home/public sudo chmod 777 /home/public/ sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Find this line
... ; security = user ...
- Replace with the following line
security = share
- Append the following lines at the end of file JA tallenna
[public] comment = Public Folder path = /home/public public = yes writable = no create mask = 0777 directory mask = 0777 force user = nobody force group = nogroup
- lisää päätteeseen
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No)
sudo mkdir /home/public sudo chmod 777 /home/public/ sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Find this line
... ; security = user ...
- Replace with the following line
security = share
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[public] comment = Public Folder path = /home/public public = yes writable = yes create mask = 0777 directory mask = 0777 force user = nobody force group = nogroup
- Tallenna
sudo testparm sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Kuinka tulostaan samban kautta toisella Ubuntu-koneella
- Lue #Print Server (cupsd)
- Varmista, että printterisi on konfiguroitu oikein
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.backup gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Etsi seuraavat rivit
... # printing = cups # printcap name = cups ...
- ja poista #-merkki niiden alusta.
printing = cups printcap name = cups
- Käynnistä cups-palvelin uudestaan
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
- Nyt tulostimet toimivat Ubuntussasi, kone pitäisi löytyä samban kautta.
SSH Serveri
Kuinka asentaa SSH Server for remote administration service
sudo apt-get install ssh
Kuinka to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
ssh username@192.168.0.1
Kuinka to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp)
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
- Local machine save location: . (current directory)
scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
Kuinka to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp)
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/
scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
Kuinka to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync)
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
- Local machine save location: . (current directory)
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
Kuinka to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync)
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
Kuinka liitetään toisen koneen kansioita paikalliseen Ubuntu-järjestelmään (sshfs)
- Lue #General Notes
- Tässä oletetaan, että etäkoneelle on asennettu SSH-palvelin
- Lue #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Etäkone: 192.168.0.1
- Etäkoneen kansio: /media/music
- Asennetaan sshfs
sudo apt-get install sshfs
- Ladataan kernel-ajuri sshfs-tiedostojärjestelmää varten
sudo modprobe fuse
- Pysyvää käyttöä varten lisää 'fuse' /etc/modules -tiedoston loppuun
sudo gedit /etc/modules
- Liitetään käyttäjä ryhmään 'fuse'
sudo adduser your_user_name fuse
- Luodaan hakemisto, johon etäkoneen kansio liitetään
mkdir ~/remote_music
- Liitetään kansio hakemistoon ~/remote_music
sshfs 192.168.0.1:/media/music ~/remote_music
How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Download PuTTY: Here
How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Download FileZilla: Here
Kuinka asetaan käyttäjät, jotka voivat kirjautua ssh:n kautta sisään
- Lue #General Notes
- Jos otat SSH-palvelimen käyttöön, voi oletuksena kuka tahansa käyttäjä kirjautua sisään etäkäyttäjänä
- Tästä voi aiheutua turvallisuusongelmia, koska on olemassa välineitä, joiden avulla
- yritetään ohjelmallisesti etsiä yleisiä käyttäjätunnus-salasana -yhdistelmiä.
- Tee aluksi varmuuskopio ssh-palvelimen asetustiedostosta
sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.VARMUUSKOPIO
- Muokkaa asetustiedostoa
sudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config
- Muuta asetus PermitRootLogin (alunperin yes) arvoonno. Pääkäyttäjä ei saa kirjautua etäkäyttäjänä sisään.
- Lisää parametri AllowUsers ja anna pilkulla erotettuna luettelo käyttäjistä, jotka saavat kirjautua sisään ssh:n kautta
- Voit myös käyttää asetusta DenyUsers tarkkaa käyttäjäoikeuksien säätämistä varten.
- Jos otat openssh-palvelimen käyttöön, että halua toistaiseksi sallia etäyhteyksiä, voit lisätä sanat AllowUsers nosuchuserhere estääksesi kaikkia kirjautumasta.
DHCP Server
How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
- e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
- IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
- Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
- DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
- Domains: tm.net.my
- Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1
sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup sudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server
- Find this line
... INTERFACES=""
- Replace with the following line
INTERFACES="eth0"
- Save the edited file
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
- Find this section
... # option definitions common to all supported networks... option domain-name "example.org"; option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200; ...
- Replace with the following lines
# option definitions common to all supported networks... #option domain-name "example.org"; #option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
#default-lease-time 600; #max-lease-time 7200;
- Find this section
... # A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet. #subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 { # range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30; # option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org; # option domain-name "internal.example.org"; # option routers 10.5.5.1; # option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31; # default-lease-time 600; # max-lease-time 7200; #} ...
- Replace with the following lines
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet. subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200; option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5; option domain-name "tm.net.my"; option routers 192.168.0.1; option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255; default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200; }
- Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart
Database Server
How to install MYSQL Database Server
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
- MySQL initially only allows connections from the localhost (127.0.0.1). We'll need to remove that restriction if you wish to make it accessible to everyone on the internet. Open the file /etc/mysql/my.cnf
sudo gedit /etc/mysql/my.cnf
- Find the line bind-address = 127.0.0.1 and comment it out
... #bind-address = 127.0.0.1 ...
- MySQL comes with no root password as default. This is a huge security risk. You'll need to set one. So that the local computer gets root access as well, you'll need to set a password for that too. The local-machine-name is the name of the computer you're working on. For more information see here
mysqladmin -u root password your-new-password mysqladmin -h root@local-machine-name -u root password your-new-password sudo /etc/init.d/mysql restart
How to install MYSQL Administrator
sudo apt-get install mysql-admin
- Read #How to refresh GNOME panel
- Applications -> System Tools -> MySQL Administrator
Apache HTTP Serveri
Kuinka asentaa Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
sudo apt-get install apache2
- http://localhost
Kuinka asentaa PHP-tuki Apache HTTP -palvelimeen
Kuinka PHP4 asennetaan
sudo apt-get install php4 sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php4 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- Kokeile onko php4 asennettu oikein
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
- Kirjoita seuraava rivi uuteen tiedostoon
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
- Tallenna tiedosto
- http://localhost/testphp.php
- Muista poistaa kokeilutiedosto jälkikäteen, se voi olla turvallisuusriski
Kuinka PHP5 asennetaan
sudo apt-get install php5 sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5 sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- Kokeile onko php4 asennettu oikein
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
- Kirjoita seuraava rivi uuteen tiedostoon
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
- Tallenna tiedosto
- http://localhost/testphp.php
- Muista poistaa kokeilutiedosto jälkikäteen, se voi olla turvallisuusriski
Kuinka MYSQL asennetaan Apache-palvelinta varten
- Lue #General Notes
- Lue #How to add extra repositories
- Lue #How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service
- Lue #How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server
- Lue #How to install MYSQL Database Server
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
- Valitse joko php4-mysql tai php5-mysql riippuen siitä, minkä php-version olet asentanut järjestelmääsi
sudo apt-get install php<version-number>-mysql sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
- Jotta php toimisi yhdessä MySQL-tietokannan kanssa, avaa tiedosto (korvaa <version> numerolla 4 tai 5 riippuen php:n versiosta)
sudo gedit /etc/php<version>/apache2/php.ini
- Ota pois kommenttimerkki (#) rivin ";extension=mysql.so" alusta. Nyt rivin pitäisi näyttää tältä:
... extension=mysql.so ...
- Tallenna tiedosto ja poistu
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- http://localhost/phpmyadmin
Kuinka annetaan URL kansiolle, joka ei sijaitse kansiossa /var/www/
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
- Liitä seuraavat rivit uuteen tiedostoon:
Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/
<Directory /location_of_folder/> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride All Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory>
- Tallenna muokkaamasi tiedosto ja käynnistä apache uudestaan
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- http://localhost/URL-path
Kuinka muuttaa oletusporttinumeroa Apache-palvelimessa
- oletetaan, että uusi portti on 78
sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf
- Etsi tämä rivi
Listen 80
- Korvaa seuraavalla rivillä
Listen 78
- Tallenna muokkaamasi tiedosto
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- http://localhost:78
Kuinka parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server
- Read #How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service
- Read #How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server
- e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/ sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/ sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/ sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/ sudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php
- Insert the following lines into the new file
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>DistroWatch.com - News</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/> <style type="text/css"> /*<![CDATA[*/ /* DEFAULT TAG STYLES */ body { background: #ffffff; margin-left: 20px; font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; } h1 { font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif; font-size: 15pt; } /*]]>*/ </style> </head> <body> <?php require_once 'rss_fetch.inc'; error_reporting(E_ERROR); $url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml'; $rss = fetch_rss($url); if ($rss) { echo "<h1>"; echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>"; echo "</h1>"; foreach ($rss->items as $item ) { $url = $item[link]; $title = $item[title]; $description = $item[description]; echo "<li>"; echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>"; echo "$description<br/><br/>"; echo "</li>"; } } else { echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>"; } ?> </body> </html>
- Save the edited file
- http://localhost/feeds/index.php
FTP-palvelin
Kuinka asennetaan ftp-palvelin tiedostonsiirtoa varten
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
sudo apt-get install proftpd
How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
- Find this section
... DenyFilter \*.*/ ...
- Add the following line below it
DefaultRoot ~
- Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read only
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous ~ftp> User ftp Group nogroup UserAlias anonymous ftp DirFakeUser on ftp DirFakeGroup on ftp RequireValidShell off MaxClients 10 DisplayLogin welcome.msg DisplayFirstChdir .message <Directory *> <Limit WRITE> DenyAll </Limit> </Directory> </Anonymous>
- Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read/write
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous ~ftp> User ftp Group nogroup UserAlias anonymous ftp DirFakeUser on ftp DirFakeGroup on ftp RequireValidShell off MaxClients 10 DisplayLogin welcome.msg DisplayFirstChdir .message </Anonymous>
- Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to map anonymous FTP user to folders outside /home/ftp/
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous /location_of_folder/> User ftp Group nogroup UserAlias anonymous ftp DirFakeUser on ftp DirFakeGroup on ftp RequireValidShell off MaxClients 10 DisplayLogin welcome.msg DisplayFirstChdir .message <Directory *> <Limit WRITE> DenyAll </Limit> </Directory> </Anonymous>
- Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to change the default port number for FTP Server
- e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
- Find this line
Port 21
- Replace with the following line
Port 77
- Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to ftp into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine
- Read #General Notes
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service
- Read #How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service
- Download FileZilla: Here
Streaming Media Server
How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
- Read #How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service
- e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files
sudo apt-get install gnump3d
- http://localhost:8888
How to change the default directory containing multimedia files for GNUMP3d
- e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
- Find this line
root = /var/music
- Replace with the following line
root = /home/music
- Find this line
user = gnump3d
- Replace with the following line
user = root
- Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
- http://localhost:8888
How to change the default port number for GNUMP3d
- e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
- Find this line
port = 8888
- Replace with the following line
port = 7878
- Save the edited file
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
- http://localhost:7878
Image Gallery Server
- For a comparison between Gallery1 and Gallery2 see here
Gallery1
How to install Gallery1 for Image Gallery Server service
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
- Read #How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service
- Read #How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server
sudo apt-get install gallery (when prompted to restart Apache, choose No or Cancel) sudo apt-get install imagemagick sudo apt-get install jhead sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh
- http://localhost/gallery/setup/index.php
- Gallery Configuration
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1 Next Step ->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2 General settings Tab -> Admin password: Specify the password Locations and URLs Tab -> Album directory: /var/www/albums/ Temporary directory: /tmp/ Gallery URL: http://localhost/gallery Albums URL: http://localhost/albums Next Step -->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3 Next Step -->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4 Save Config ->
- http://localhost/gallery/albums.php
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP)
- e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly
- Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
- Find this section
... $gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery"; $gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums"; ...
- Replace with the following lines
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery"; $gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";
- Save the edited file
- http://www.url.com/gallery/albums.php
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP)
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
- Find this section
... $gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery"; $gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums"; ...
- Replace with the following lines
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery"; $gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";
- Save the edited file
- http://192.168.0.1/gallery/albums.php
How to backup/restore Gallery1 data
- Read #General Notes
- To backup Gallery data
sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/
- To restore Gallery data
sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /
Gallery2
How to install Gallery2
How to configure Gallery2
Ongelmanratkontaa
Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load)
Synchronizing clock to ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (taking too long to load)
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to temporary skip boot-up services
- Read #How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services
service_name = ntpdate
How to disable system time/date from being reset to UTC (GMT)
- Read #General Notes
sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup sudo gedit /etc/default/rcS
- Find this line
... UTC=yes ...
- Replace with the following line
UTC=no
- Save the edited file
- System -> Administration -> Time and Date
Set the correct time/date
sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart
Kuinka gonfiriguoida äänet toimimaan properly in GNOME
- Read #General Notes
- Read #How to add extra repositories
sudo killall esd sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup sudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
- Find this section
... auto_spawn=0 spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5 ...
- Korvaa seuraavilla riveillä.
auto_spawn=1 spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default
- tallenna muokattu tiedosto
sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0 sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
- Insert the following lines into the new file
pcm.card0 { type hw card 0 } pcm.!default { type plug slave.pcm "dmixer" } pcm.dmixer { type dmix ipc_key 1025 slave { pcm "hw:0,0" period_time 0 period_size 2048 buffer_size 32768 rate 48000 } bindings { 0 0 1 1 } }
- Tallenna muokattu tiedosto
sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1
System -> Preferences -> Sound Sound preferences
General Tab -> Sounds for events (Un-Checked)
- Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
Kuinka pakottaa roskakori tyhjenemään GNOME:ssa
sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/
How to remove duplicate menu/menu items in GNOME
- Read #General Notes
rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu
Kuinka päivittää Sijainnit-valikko GNOME:ssa (jos /media/ kansioon /etc/fstab:ssa liitetty sisältö ei tule näkyviin)
sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart
How to consume static (not dhcp) wireless LAN (WLAN) connection (KDE)
- I assume you have successfully consumed WLAN connection in Windows
- To enable the network device please follow the following steps
- Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Network Settings
- Enable Administrator mode
- Select Network Interfaces tab and the wireless interface (usually ath0) to configure
- Click Configure Interface...
- Choose Manual or Automatic. Choose Manual
- Fill the preferred IP address to identify your computer and the netmask. Choose to activate when computer starts
- Click Advanced Settings to for more properties
- Select Routes tab and fill the gateway IP address
- Make sure you choose the correct device in the right dropdown (e.g. ath0)
- Click apply to commit all changes
- To choose wireless connection please follow the following steps
- Go to K-menu -> Internet -> Wireless Assistant
- Right click on preferred connection ssid
- Choose and complete fields for Manual connection
- Click Ok
- Create connection configuration
sudo gedit /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
- Insert the following lines into the new file
network={ ssid="YOUR_PREFERRED_CONNECTION_SSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=WPA key_mgmt=WPA-PSK psk="STRING_TO_GENERATE_PASSWORD" #psk=123456789 #you have option to use connection key instead of connection password }
- Save the edited file
- Create script to easily activate connection
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
- Insert the following lines into the new file
#! /bin/sh # wifi: wpa_supplicant init echo " * [Wifi]: Enabling WPA supplicant..." if [ -x /sbin/wpa_supplicant ]; then /sbin/wpa_supplicant -B -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -D madwifi -w fi exit 0
- Save the edited file
- Make sure both file readable and executable
sudo chmod +r /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
- make wireless connection automaticaly starts when computer starts
sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh /etc/rcS.d/S40netwifiwpa
- Close all opened applications, Reboot computer
Ubuntun päivitys
Kuinka päivittää Hoary Hedgehog -> Breezy Badger -> Dapper Drake
- Ensin tarkista että järjestelmäsi on ajantasalla:
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
- Jos sinulla ei ole CD:tä saatavissa, tarkista, että sinulla on kommentoitu (rivin edessä on #-merkki) rivi joka sisältää cd-asemasi
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
/etc/apt/sources.list
päivittääksesi breezyyn sources.list tulisi näyttää tämän tapaiselta:
## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch updated software from the network deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted ## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch major bug fix updates produced ## after the final release of the distribution. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe' ## repository. ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security ## team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe</div>
- Päivittääksesi breezystä dapperiin, korvaa (ctrl+h) vain kaikki 'breezy' kohdat 'dapper'iksi '/etc/apt/sources.list':issä
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
- Tallenna muokattu tiedosto
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
- Tallenna istunto, käynnistä uudelleen ja nauti.
HUOM:
- EI ole suositeltavaa päivittää suoraan hoarysta dapperiin, päivitä järjestyksessä: hoary->breezy->dapper
Kuinka päivittää Dapper Drake (6.06) Edgy Eftiksi (6.10)
- Huomaathan että Edgy Eft on vasta kehitysasteella joten sen käyttöä ensisijaisena käyttöjärjestelmänä ei suositella. Päivityksen jälkeen järjestelmäsi voi siis olla epävakaa tai olla toimimatta ollenkaan.
- Jos et ymmärrä mitä teet - jätä tekemättä ja odota viralliseen julkaisuun.
- Jos ymmärrät riskit ja silti tahdot koekäyttää Edgyä, niin teet sen omalla vastuullasi
Ensin muutetaan pakettivarastot
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
Sen jälkeen muuta dapper sanat edgy:ksi.
- esim. jos sinulla on tämännäköinen sources.list
## peruspaketit deb http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ dapper main restricted universe multiverse deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse ## niiden sorsat deb-src http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ dapper main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse ## backports deb http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
- niin se vaihdetaan seuraavanlaiseksi
## peruspaketit deb http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ edgy main restricted universe multiverse deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ edgy-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ edgy-updates main restricted universe multiverse ## niiden sorsat deb-src http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ edgy main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ edgy-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ edgy-updates main restricted universe multiverse ## backports deb http://se.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
- Sen jälkeen tehdään itse päivitys. Vielä voit siis perua, mitään ei ole muutettu järjestelmässäsi. Voit vaihtaa pakettivarastosi ennalleen kirjoittamalla
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
- ja vaihtamalla edgy:t dapper:iksi. Takaisinpäin päivitys ei tule onnistumaan.
- Itse päivitys uusilla pakettivarastoilla tapahtuu kopioimalla yksi kerrallaan seuraavat rivit päätteeseen.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
Sen jälkeen kun käynnistät järjestelmäsi uudestaan on käyttöjärjestelmä johon käynnistät Edgy Eft, voi myös olla ettei se enää käynnisty ollenkaan tai et pääse enää graafiseen tilaan.
Poistetut aihepiirit
- (Englanninkielisestä) oppaasta poistetut aiheet löydät täältä.
Muutamia linkkejä
http://fi.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ubuntu_tutuksi
http://wiki.linux.fi
http://tjaa.dy.fi/~linux