Ubuntu dapper lt

From

Image:Ubuntuguide_logo.png

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Neoficialus Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) naujoko gidas

Šį pradžiamokslį pradėjo kurti Chua Wen Kiat (Kuala Lumpur, Malaizija). Dabar jis išlaikomas Latvijos Universiteto Linux centro ir kiekvieno norinčio padėti.


Pagalbininkai: Orvils, Quash, Jiyuu0, Cargo, Byte, cope, krampo, Simos, Stubby, eljaco, shai, ThunderM, Hasile, adammichaelroach, Belisarivs, Cheator, Hank, Kaotiks, richux, Mantas Smelevičius...


Diskutuoti apie šį gidą galima oficialiame UbuntuGuide.org Forume esančiame ubuntuforums.org. Užeikite ir prisijunkite prie diskusijų.

Deja, dėl wiki-vandalizmo tik registruoti vartotojai gali redaguoti šį wiki, ir tik registruoti vartotojai gali sukurti tau naują vartotoją. Jei nori prisijungti prie mūsų ir padėti vystytis šiam projektui, pranešk [ orvils _at_ gmail _dot_ com ]. Nepamiršk parašyti kokio vartotojo vardo norėtum ir kodėl tau jo reikia (ką norėtum pakeisti ar pridėti į šį pradžiamokslį).

Kitos kalbos: Português • Português do Brasil • Bulgarian • Bangla • 中文 • Česky • Filipino • English • French • German • Italiano • Nederlands • Norsk • Suomi • Polski• Lietuviškai• Español • Română • Indonesian • Türkçe • Русский • Persian • 日本語 (翻訳中) edit
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  • Ubuntu 5.04 in Bulgarian: http://www.ubuntuguide.hit.bg/


Contents


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Bendrosios pastabos


  1. Tai yra neoficialus Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) naujoko gidas. Jis nesusijęs su Ubuntu ar Canonical Ltd.
  2. Diskutuoti apie šį gidą galima oficialiame UbuntuGuide.org forume esančiame ubuntuforums.org. Užeikite ir prisijunkite prie diskusijų.
  3. Šis gidas testuotas pilnai instaliavus Ubuntu 6.06 x86 Install CD (Dapper Drake).
  4. Jei matote melsvą laukelį, tai reiškia kad turite įvykdyti nurodytas komandas Terminal'e (Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal) arba pasinaudoti to laukelio turiniu pagal kitus pateiktus nurodimus.
  5. Kad išvengtumėte rašybos klaidų nukopijuokite komandas ir įklijuokite jas tiesai į Terminal'ą (deš. pelės klavišu ant komandų -> "Copy" ar "Paste". Taip pat galite naudoti Ctrl+C kopijavimui ir Shift+Insert įklijavimui, arba tiesiog pažymėkite kopijavimui ir vid. peles klavišu įklijavimui).
  6. sudo ar gksudo reiškia superuser do (veiksmus atlieka supervartotojas). Komanda sudo paprašys jūsų slaptažodžio - "Password:". Įveskite savo vartotojo slaptažodį.
  7. Jei norite daugiau informacijos apie kokią nors komandą, paprasčiausiai pažiūrėkite vadove (manual'e), naudodamiesi komanda man. Pavyzdžiui, komanda man sudo parodys informaciją apie komandą sudo.
  8. Jei pavargote kiekvieną kartą įvedinėti komandą apt-get, skaitykite #How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic).
  9. Komandoms apt-get ir wget reikalingas interneto ryšys, kad būtų galima įrašyti/atnaujinti/parsisiųsti programas.
  10. Failų parsisiuntimui spustelėkite deš. pelės klavišu ant nuorodos -> Pasirinkite "Save Link As..." -> Įsitikinkite, kad bylos pavadinimas ir plėtinys yra teisingi.
  11. Jei norite padėti išversti Ubuntu į savo gimtąją kalbą ar kitaip pagelbėti Ubuntu - aplankykite https://launchpad.net/
  12. Tegul "žmogiškumo kitiems" dvasia visada būna su jumis...


Jei naudojate Kubuntu jums nereikia instaliuoti gedit, nes dabar jau yra simbolinė nuoroda iš gedit į kate, taigi be problemų galite naudoti visas čia esančias komandas. Tiesa, jei norite naudoti gedit kaip savo redaktorių, darykite: 
sudo apt-get install gedit
Jei "gedit" komanda (simbolinė nuoroda) neveikia, galite sukurti ją: 
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/kate /usr/bin/gedit
Jei naudojate 64 bitų versiją pakeiskite visus "i386" į "amd64"
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Pati pradžia

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Kas yra Ubuntu

  • http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
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Kas naujo Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake

  • http://www.ubuntu.com/testing/dapperbeta
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Kur pasižiūrėti Ubuntu ekrano nuotraukų

  • http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=659&slide=4&title=ubuntu+6.06+screenshots
  • http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=481&num=1
Video
  • http://osvids.com/files/page3-1034-pop.html
  • http://osvids.com/files/page3-1035-pop.html
  • http://osvids.com/files/page3-1036-pop.html
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Kur pasižiūrėti Kubuntu ekrano nuotraukų

  • http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=662&slide=4&title=kubuntu+6.06+screenshots
  • http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=320&num=1
Video

http://osvids.com/files/page3-108-pop.html

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Kur rasti visų programų ir bibliotekų sąrašą, kurios gaunamos kartu su Ubuntu

  • Komandos dpkg -l rezultatas: Čia
  • http://packages.ubuntu.com/dapper
  • http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu
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Kur parsisiųsti Ubuntu

  • http://releases.ubuntu.com/6.06/
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Kur užsisakyti Ubuntu kompaktinius diskus visiškai NEMOKAMAI

  • https://shipit.ubuntu.com

Atsiminkite, jog kompaktinių diskų atsiuntimas gali trukti nuo keturių iki šešių savaičių. Jūs galite ir turite kopijuoti, modifikuoti ir platinti diskus kiek galima daugiau.

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Kur rasti pagalbos dėl Ubuntu

  • Žiūrėkite: System -> Help -> System Documentation
  • Oficialus Dokumentacijos tinklapis
  • Oficiali Vartotojų Dokumentacija (wiki)
  • Ubuntu Document Storage Facility
  • Mailing Lists
  • Interneto Forumai
  • IRC kanalas
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Kur ieškoti naujų programų

  • http://gnomefiles.org/
  • http://www.kde-apps.org/
  • http://freshmeat.net
  • http://sourceforge.net/
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Kur ieškoti styliaus elementų jūsų darbastaliui

  • http://www.gnome-look.org/
  • http://www.kde-look.org/
  • http://art.gnome.org/
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Failų saugyklos

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Kaip pridėti naujas failų saugyklas 

sudo cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Viską pakeiskite šiomis eilutėmis
Norėdami naudoti vietinį veidrodį galite pridėti "šk." prieš archive.ubuntu.com (šk = jūsų šalies kodas)
pvz.: deb http://lt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse 
## Add comments (##) in front of any line to remove it from being checked.   
## Use the following sources.list at your own risk.  
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse
## MAJOR BUG FIX UPDATES produced after the final release
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse
## UBUNTU SECURITY UPDATES
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse
## BACKPORTS REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
## PLF REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)
deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/plf dapper free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/plf dapper free non-free                                               
## CANONICAL COMMERCIAL REPOSITORY (Hosted on Canonical servers, not Ubuntu
## servers. RealPlayer10, Opera and more to come.) 
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu dapper-commercial main
  • Išsaugokite pakeistą failą 
sudo apt-get update
  • Taip pat galite gaminti savo paties sources.list ir susirasti kitų failų saugiklų: http://www.ubuntulinux.nl/source-o-matic
  • Taip pat galite pakeisti savo sources.list su šiuo pilnu surinktu rinkiniu: sources.list (pakeiskite "it" iš "it.archive.ubuntu.com" savo šalies kodu. Naudokite savo paties rizika.
  • Keiskite standartinį Ubuntu sources.list tik jei suprantate ką darote. Talpyklų sumaišymas gali sukelti sistemos lūžimą.
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Ubuntu atnaujinimas

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Kaip atnaujinti Ubuntu rankiniu būdu 

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

ARBA

Naudokite atnaujinimų tvarkyklę (Update Manager): System -> Administration -> Update Manager

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Pridėk programų

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Kaip naudoti Easy Ubuntu

  • Skaitykite #Bendrosios pastabos
  • Easy Ubuntu yra mažas ir patogus įrankis leidžiantis naujiems vartotojams lengvai įdiegti Ubuntu turinį, kaip kodekai, šriftai, Macromedia Flash grotuvas ar Sun Java. 
wget http://easyubuntu.freecontrib.org/files/easyubuntu-3.021.tar.gz
tar -zxf easyubuntu-3.021.tar.gz
cd easyubuntu
sudo python easyubuntu.in
  • Easy Ubuntu lange pažymėkite reikiamus laukelius, kad parsisiųstumėte tai ko reikia.
  • Pastaba: Senesnės EasyUbuntu 3.0 versijos vartotojams gali iškilti problemų įdieginėjant Flash ir Java.
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Kaip įdiegti Automatix į Ubuntu, Kubuntu ir Xubuntu

  • Skaitykite #Bendrosios pastabos
  • Automatix yra grafinė sąsaja skirta dažniausiai naudojamų programų instaliavimo automatizavimui Ubuntu/Kubuntu/Xubuntu linux operacinėse sistemose.
  • Pastaba: Prieš diegimą atkreipkite dėmesį, kad tam tikri pateikiami kodekai kai kuriose šalyse gali būti uždrausti. Jūs esate atsakingas už tai kad būtų laikomasi šių įstatymų.
  • naudokite savo mėgstamą teksto redaktorių (kwrite, gedit) 
gksudo kwrite /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Atkomentuokite šias eilutes 
#deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main
#deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main
  • Jei naudojate Ubuntu ar Xubuntu Dapper, failo gale pridėkite šią eilutę. 
deb http://www.getautomatix.com/apt dapper main
  • Jei naudoajte Kubuntu, failo gale pridėkite šią eilutę. 
deb http://www.getautomatix.com/apt kubuntu main
  • Išsaugokite pakeitimus ir uždarykite failą
  • Gaukite GPG raktą 
wget http://www.getautomatix.com/apt/key.gpg.asc
gpg --import key.gpg.asc
gpg --export --armor 521A9C7C | sudo apt-key add -
  • Kad įdiegtumėte Automatix, įvykdikite šias komandas 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install zenity
sudo apt-get install automatix
  • Automatix gali būti paleidžiamas iš komandinės eilutės 
automatix
  • Taip pat jis bus įdėtas ir į Meniu 
Menu -> System -> Automatix-Kubuntu
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Kaip įdiegti Clipboard Daemon skirtą GNOME 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2 -C /usr/bin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo gnome-clipboard-daemon &
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • Failo gale pridėkite šią eilutę 
@reboot gnome-clipboard-daemon
  • Išsaugokite pakeitimus
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Kaip įdiegti J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) su Mozilla Firefox įskiepiu 

sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jre sun-java5-plugin
  • Kai paprašis, sutykite su DLJ licencijos sąlygomis.
  • Nustatykite J2SE kaip numatytąją JVM (tai būtina programoms tokioms kaip Frostwire, RSSOwl taip pat ir Mozilla Firefox įskiepiui): 
sudo update-alternatives --config java

Pasirinkite nustatymą atitinkantį J2SE.

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Kaip įdiegti JRE v5.0 Update 8

  • Parsisiųskite "Linux (išsipakuojantį failą)" iš http://java.com/en/download/manual.jsp
  • Nukopijuokite jį į /usr/java/ 
sudo chmod a+x jre-1_5_0_08-linux-i586.bin
sudo ./jre-1_5_0_08-linux-i586.bin
cd /usr/lib/firefox/plugins
ln -s /usr/java/jre1.5.0_08/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so
cd /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins
ln -s /usr/java/jre1.5.0_08/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so
  • Perkraukite Mozilla Firefox
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Kaip įdiegti Flash grotuvo (Macromedia Flash) įskiepį skirtą Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
sudo update-flashplugin
  • Perkraukite Mozilla Firefox

Pastaba: jei Flash grotuve nėra garso (pavyzdžiui YouTube tinklapyje): 

sudo apt-get install alsa-oss
gksudo gedit /etc/firefox/firefoxrc

Pakeiskite: 

FIREFOX_DSP=""

Į: 

FIREFOX_DSP="aoss"
  • Perkraukite Mozilla Firefox. Dabar garsas turėtų veikti.
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Kaip įdiegti PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) su įskiepiu skirtu Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install acroread mozilla-acroread acroread-plugins

Pastaba: Adobe Reader 7.0 neveiks jei veikia SCIM. Pas jus veikia SCIM, jei įdiegėte kitą kalbą į Ubuntu per System -> Administration -> Language Support. Kad to išvengtumėte, darykite tai 

gksudo gedit /usr/bin/acroread

Pakeiskite: 

#!/bin/sh
#

į: 

#!/bin/sh
#
GTK_IM_MODULE=xim

Išsaugokite pakeitimus. Dabar jau Adobe Reader 7.0 turėtų veikti.

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Kaip susieti Adobe Reader su PDF failais tarp Nautilus

Dabar dukart spragtelėjus .pdf failą, jis atsidaris su Adobe Reader.

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Kaip spausdinti tiesiai iš Adobe Reader 

/usr/bin/lp -d FS-1010
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Kaip įdiegti atsisiuntimo tvarkymo programą (Downloader for X) 

sudo apt-get install d4x

Skaitykite #Kaip atnaujinti GNOME skydelį (GNOME panel)

  • Applications -> Internet -> Downloader for X
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Kaip įdiegti slaptažodžių tvarkymo programą (Revelation) 

sudo apt-get install revelation

Skaitykite #Kaip atnaujinti GNOME skydelį (GNOME panel)

  • Applications -> Accessories -> Revelation Password Manager
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Kaip įdiegti FTP klientą (gFTP) 

sudo apt-get install gftp
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Kaip įdiegti failų dalinimosi programą (DC++) 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/linuxdcpp.tar.gz 
sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /opt
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dcpp.desktop
  • Naujame faile įrašykite šias eilutes: 
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=DC++
Exec=/opt/linuxdcpp/ldcpp
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true
Icon=/opt/linuxdcpp/pixmaps/linuxdcpp.svg
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Išsaugokite pakeitimus
  • Applications -> Internet -> DC++
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Kaip įdiegti P2P BitTorrent klientą (Azureus) 

sudo apt-get install azureus
  • Applications -> Internet -> Azureus
  • (Alternatyvus būdas) Žemiau aprašytas būdas įdiegs Azureus versiją sukompiliuotą su gcj, nemokama Sun's Java alternatyva. 
wget http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/azureus/Azureus_2.5.0.0_linux.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf Azurues_2.5.0.0_linux.tar.bz2 -C /opt/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/azureus.desktop
  • Įrašykite tai į šią naują bylą 
[Desktop Entry] 
Name=Azureus
Comment=A Bittorrent client
Exec=/opt/azureus/azureus
Icon=/opt/azureus/Azureus.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Išsaugokite redaguojamą bylą
  • Applications -> Internet -> Azureus
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Kaip įdiegti P2P BitTorrent klientą (Bittornado) 

sudo apt-get install bittornado
sudo apt-get install bittornado-gui
  • Applications -> Internet -> Bittornado Client
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti P2P eMule klientą (aMule) 

sudo apt-get install amule
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Kaip įdiegti P2P Gnutella klientą (FrostWire) 

wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
sudo dpkg -i FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
  • Applications -> Internet -> FrostWire
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Kaip įdiegti Skype 

gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Failo gale pridėkite šias eilutes 
## Repository for Skype
deb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian/ stable non-free
  • Išsaugokite pakeitimus 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install skype
  • Applications -> Internet -> Skype
  • Dėl Skype 1.3 Beta parsisiųskite debian paketą iš čia
  • Terminale 
sudo dpkg -i skype-beta-1.3.0.37-1_i386.deb
  • Applications -> Internet -> Skype
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Kaip įdiegti WinPopup (LinPopUp) 

sudo apt-get install linpopup
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop
  • Įrašykite šias eilutes į naujai sukurtą bylą 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=LinPopUp
Comment=LinPopUp
Exec=linpopup
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Utility;
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Kaip įdiegti Multimedia Kodekus

Stubby Veikia visi žinomi kodekai išskyrus wmv 

sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-gl gstreamer0.10-plugins-base \
gstreamer0.10-plugins-good gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse \
gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse w32codecs
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti DVD grojimo galimybę

ironss: gstreamer dvd įskiepis yra plugins-bad (or ugly?) dalis tačiau veikia nepatikimai. Vis dėlto, Totem groja DVD kartu su xine. Tai bus tol, kol gstreamer neturės DVD grojimo galimybės. Atkreipkite dėmesį, jog jums nereikia įdiegti xine-ui ar mplayer kaip siūloma 

sudo apt-get install libdvdread3 
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.sh
sudo apt-get install totem-xine

Stubby: gstreamer dvd įskiepis dar nėra pritaikytas dapper versijai. Žemiau pateiktos instrukcijos neleis patikimai dirbti 

sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2
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Kaip įdiegti Multimedia Grotuvą (xine-ui) 

sudo apt-get install xine-ui libxine-extracodecs
  • Susiekite xine-ui su multimedijos bylomis 
gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/autoplay_dvd_command "xine dvd://"
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applnk/Multimedia/xine.desktop
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/xine/desktop/xine.desktop /usr/share/applications/
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo sed -e 's/totem.desktop/xine.desktop/g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
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Kaip įdiegti Multimedia Grotuvą (VLC) su įskiepiu Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-* mozilla-plugin-vlc
  • Norėdami transliuoti video pasinaudojus vlc jums reikia įdiegti žemiau esančius paketus. 
apt-get install avahi-daemon
apt-get install avahi-utils
Applications -> Sound and Video -> VLC Media Player
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Kaip įdiegti Multimedia Grotuvą (Mplayer) su įskiepiu Mozilla Firefox

sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer
Applications -> Sound and Video -> MPlayer Movie Player
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Multimedia Grotuvą (Totem) su įskiepiu Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin
  • Perkraukite Mozilla Firefox
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Multimedia Grotuvą (XMMS) 

sudo apt-get install xmms
sudo apt-get install xmms-skins
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
  • Susiekite XMMS su MP3/M3U/WAV bylomis 
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /tmp/defaults.list_tmp
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/mpeg=.*/audio\/mpeg=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.list_tmp > /tmp/defaults.mp3
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-mpegurl=.*/audio\/x-mpegurl=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.mp3 > /tmp/defaults.m3u
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-wav=.*/audio\/x-wav=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.m3u > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo rm -f /tmp/defaults.*
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Multimedia Grotuvą (amaroK) 

sudo apt-get install amarok
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> amaroK
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Multimedia Grotuvą (RealPlayer 10) 

sudo apt-get install realplay
Dėmesio: 'realplay' įdiegs RealPlayer 10 iš PLF repozitorijos, kuri turėtų būti pasiekiama, jeigu viską perskaitėte įdėmiai . 'realplayer' įdiegs RealPlayer 8 iš multiverse.
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> RealPlayer 10
  • Taip pat bus įdiegti visi reikalingi įskiepiai peržiūrai Mozilla Firefox programoje
  • Norėdami išvengti mirgėjimo ar juodo ekrano keičiant langus, pasirinkite
  • RealPlayer 10 -> Tools -> Preferences -> Hardware -> Uncheck XVideo
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Srautų Katalogo Naršyklę (streamtuner) 

sudo apt-get install streamtuner
sudo apt-get install streamripper
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Muzikos Tvarkytuvą (Cowbell) 

sudo apt-get install cowbell
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> Cowbell Music Organizer
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti ID3 žymų redaktorių (EasyTAG) 

sudo apt-get install easytag
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Video redaktorių (Kino) 

sudo apt-get install kino
sudo apt-get install kinoplus
sudo apt-get install kino-timfx
sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Audio redaktorių (Audacity) 

sudo apt-get install audacity
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Muzikos tvarkytuvą ir grotuvą (Banshee) 

sudo apt-get install banshee
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti DVD Kopijuoklį (dvd::rip) 

sudo apt-get install dvdrip vcdimager cdrdao subtitleripper
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop
  • Įrašykite šias eilutes į naują bylą 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=dvd::rip 
Comment=dvd::rip
Exec=dvdrip
Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti DVD Kopijuoklį (AcidRip) 

sudo apt-get install acidrip

Pastaba: AcidRip neatpažins dvd jeigu yra įjungtas dma. Jei taip - atstatykite būseną #Kaip pagreitinti CD/DVD-ROM.

[edit]

Kaip įdiegti CD Kopijuoklį (Goobox) 

sudo apt-get install goobox
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
  • Įrašykite šias eilutes į naują bylą 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=CD Player & Ripper
Comment=Play and extract CDs
Exec=goobox
Icon=goobox.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti paveikslėlių peržiūros programą (digiKam) 

sudo apt-get install digikam digikamimageplugins kipi-plugins
  • Applications -> Graphics -> digikam
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Picasa paveikslėlių tvarkytuvą 

gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Įrašykite šias eilutes atidarytos bylos pabaigoje 
# Google Picasa for Linux repository
deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free
  • Išsaugokite redaguojamą bylą 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install picasa
  • Applications -> Graphics -> Picasa
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti vektorinės grafikos redaktorių (Inkscape) 

sudo apt-get install inkscape
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Opera naršyklę 

sudo apt-get install opera
  • Applications -> Internet -> Opera
  • Norėdami naudotis Java - pasirinkite Tools->Preferences->Advanced->Content-> Pažymėkite "Enable Java". Paspauskite "Enable Java..." mygtuką ir įveskite 
/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/jre/lib/i386

(skirta sun java) atsiradusiame lange. Po to paspauskite "Validate Java Path" mygtuką.

[edit]

Kaip įdiegti el. pašto klientą (Mozilla Thunderbird) 

sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti naujienų skaitytuvą (newsreader) (Pan) 

sudo apt-get install pan
  • Applications -> Internet -> Pan Newsreader
[edit]

How to install RSS/RDF/Atom Newsreader (RSSOwl) 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
gksudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
./run.sh
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RSSOwl
Comment=RSSOwl
Exec=runRSSOwl.sh
Icon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Save the edited file
  • Applications -> Internet -> RSSOwl
[edit]

How to install Web Authoring System (Nvu) 

sudo apt-get install nvu
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nvu
Comment=Web Development Editor
Exec=nvu
Icon=nvu.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Development;
[edit]

How to install Web Development Environment (quanta plus) 

sudo apt-get install quanta
  • Applications -> Programming -> Quanta Plus
[edit]

How to install Project Management Application (Planner) 

sudo apt-get install planner


[edit]

How to install jedit 

wget -c http://optusnet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/jedit/jedit_4.3pre6_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i jedit_4.3pre6_all.deb
  • Applications -> Programming -> Programmers text editor jedit
[edit]

How to install Accounting Application (GnuCash) 

sudo apt-get install gnucash
sudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=GnuCash
Comment=GnuCash Personal Finance
Exec=gnucash
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Office;
[edit]

How to install Desktop Publishing Application (Scribus) 

sudo apt-get install scribus
[edit]

How to install Diagram Editor (Dia) 

sudo apt-get install dia-gnome
[edit]

How to install Compiled HTML Help (CHM) Viewer (xCHM) 

sudo apt-get install xchm
[edit]

How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (GnomeBaker) 

sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
[edit]

How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (K3b) 

sudo apt-get install k3b libk3b2-mp3
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b
[edit]

How to install Dialup PPP Client (GNOME PPP) 

sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp
[edit]

How to install Broadband ADSL/PPPoE Client (RP-PPPoE) 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RP-PPPoE
Comment=RP-PPPoE
Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui
Icon=pppoeconf.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
[edit]

How to install Boot-Up Manager (BUM) 

sudo apt-get install bum
[edit]

How to install Partition Editor (GParted) 

sudo apt-get install gparted
[edit]

How to install Firewall (Firestarter) 

sudo apt-get install firestarter
[edit]

How to install network traffic analyzer (Ethereal) 

sudo apt-get install ethereal
  • Applications -> Internet -> Ethereal
[edit]

How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus) 

sudo apt-get install nessus
sudo apt-get install nessusd
sudo nessus-adduser
sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nessus
Comment=Nessus
Exec=nessus
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti RAR archyvatorių (rar) 

sudo apt-get install rar
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
  • Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti papildomus šriftus 

sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic
sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
sudo fc-cache -f -v
Pastaba: Ubuntu Dapper instaliuojamas su DejaVu šriftais ir pilnai palaiko Latin, Greek ir Cyrillic paremtas kalbas.
[edit]

How to install Chinese Input Method (SCIM)

The following advices are outdated and it could be hard to revert to normal afterwards. Please follow instead the official Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake guide HERE

Please note that scim is now installed by default in Dapper, and installing Chinese, Japanese or Korean Support is done using System>Administration>Language Support. The wiki details the method more thoroughly 

sudo apt-get install scim
sudo apt-get install scim-chinese
sudo apt-get install scim-config-socket
sudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodule
sudo apt-get install scim-tables-zh
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/ 
sudo fc-cache -f -v
  • System -> Preferences -> SCIM Input Method Setup
  • To activate SCIM 
Press 'Ctrl + Space'
[edit]

How to install Desktop Applets (gDesklets) 

sudo apt-get install gdesklets
sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data
[edit]

How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential) 

sudo apt-get install build-essential
[edit]

How to install Integrated Development Environment (Anjuta) 

sudo apt-get install anjuta
  • Applications -> Programming -> Anjuta IDE
[edit]

How to install C# Integrated Development Environment (MonoDevelop) 

sudo apt-get install mono mono-gmcs mono-gac mono-utils monodevelop
[edit]

How to install 3D modeling tool (Blender 3d) 

sudo apt-get install blender
  • Applications -> Graphics -> Blender 3D modeller
[edit]

How to install game Tuxracer 

sudo apt-get install planetpenguin-racer planetpenguin-racer-data planetpenguin-racer-extras
  • Applications -> Games -> planetpenguin-racer
[edit]

How to install game Frozen-Bubble 

sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
  • Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble
[edit]

How to install game Scorched3D 

sudo apt-get install scorched3d
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Scorched 3D
Comment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched Earth
Exec=scorched3d
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;
[edit]

How to install virtual planetarium (Stellarium) 

sudo apt-get install stellarium
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Stellarium
Comment=Virtual planetarium
Exec=stellarium
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Education;
  • Applications -> Education -> Stellarium

Second installation method: (version 0.6.2) 

1. Download the Stellarium Linux installer.
2. Save it to your Desktop.
3. Right-click it, enable "Properties --> Permissions --> Owner:Execute" and close the dialogue box. (One-time procedure)
4. Double-click it and follow the instructions.
5. Install the support code system-wide, if you have the root password. (One-time procedure)

NOTE: You can and should install the program as a User, rather than Root. This is easily accomplished with the second method.

[edit]

How to install Google Toolbar for Firefox

The current version of Google Toolbar works fine with Firefox 1.5.0.5 in Ubuntu 6.06

In Firefox, click the link below

http://www.google.com/tools/firefox/toolbar/

then click on the big download button.

[edit]

How to install Google Earth 

wget -c http://dl.google.com/earth/GE4/GoogleEarthLinux.bin
sudo sh GoogleEarthLinux.bin
  • Leave /usr/local/google-earth as the installation path
  • After installation click Exit. If you instead chose to run the application, read the Note below. 
sudo cp /usr/local/google-earth/googleearth.desktop /usr/share/applications/
  • Applications -> Internet -> Google Earth
  • Note: If you run Google Earth for the first time from the installer, it will require root privileges to run the next time. To fix that: 
sudo chmod 777 -R ~/.googleearth
[edit]

How to install KDE Edutainment applications 

sudo apt-get install kdeedu
  • Applications -> Education -> ...
[edit]

How to install Internet Explorer + Flash 9

This will install a wine'd version of Internet Explorer 6 with Flash 9, as well as IE 5.5/5.01 if you really want them.

  • Note: Flash 9 will NOT be available in browsers other than IE.
  • Open a terminal and run this: 
wget http://www.tatanka.com.br/ies4linux/downloads/ies4linux-2.0.tar.gz -O - | tar xvzf -
  • Or, if that doesn't work, use this command: 
wget http://modzer0.cs.uaf.edu/~hardwarehank/files/ies4linux-2.0.tar.gz -O - | tar xvzf -
  • Then, just run it: 
cd ies4linux-2.0
sh ies4linux

You don't have to run it as root (no sudo). If you do, it will make global symlinks, which is fine if you want that. Otherwise, it will use ~/bin. Read the README: 

less README
[edit]

How to install Windows Applications in Linux (Wine)

Wine Is Not an Emulator. Wine is an Open Source implementation of the Windows API on top of X and Unix. Think of Wine as a compatibility layer for running Windows programs. Wine does not require Microsoft Windows, as it is a completely free alternative implementation of the Windows API consisting of 100% non-Microsoft code, however Wine can optionally use native Windows DLLs if they are available.

In other words, Wine will let you run Windows applications in Linux.

  • First, add repository for Wine: 
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Add the following lines at the end of this file 
# Repository for wine
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt dapper main
deb-src http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt dapper main
  • Save the edited file 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install wine
  • For more info see http://www.winehq.com/
[edit]

How to install a Drop Down Terminal like in First Person Shooters (tilda)

Do you want a console like in a first person shooter? Tilda should take care of you. 

sudo apt-get install tilda
  • The default keybinding is F1. To change the default keybinding, either enter tilda -C at the terminal, or right click on the tilda terminal then click Preferences. While in preferences, you can change other things such as transparency, font, size, and window size.
[edit]

Kitos darbalaukio aplinkos

[edit]

Kaip įdiegti KDE 

sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
Pastaba: Šiai instaliacijai reikia ~400MB disko vietos
  • System -> Log Out -> Log Out
  • Prisijungimui į KDE spauskite Sessions ir pasirinkite KDE
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti XFCE 

sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
  • System -> Log Out -> Log Out
  • Prisijungimui į XFCE spauskite Sessions ir pasirinkite XFCE


[edit]

Kaip įdiegti XFCE 4.4 peržiūros (preview) versiją (4.3.90.1)

  • Xfce 4.4 beta 1 (4.3.90.1) įrašimas į naujai instaliuotą Dapper:
  • parsisiųskite Xfce 4.4 peržiūros (preview) versijos įdiegiklį (žiūrėkite http://www.xfce.org) 
sudo apt-get install build-essential gcc pkg-config libglib2.0-0 \
     libglib2.0-dev libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-dev libxml++2.6c2a libxml++2.6-dev \
     libvte-dev libvte4 a2ps libxpm-dev libxpm4 alsa-source alsa alsa-base \
     alsa-oss alsa-utils libxml-parser-perl libpng12-0 libpng12-dev libdbh1.0-dev

chmod +x xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
sudo ./xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
  • diegiklyje, naudokite numatytuosius nustatymus, išskyrus:
    Extensive Optimizations, gali būti keičiamas į 386
    Use ALSA for the Xfce Mixer, gali būti išjungtas
    (žiūrėkite http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?t=4697&)
  • galiausiai, kad galėtumėte naudoti Xfce, rekia jį įjungtį darbastalio tvarkyklėje (pažymėkite allow Xfce manage desktop)
[edit]

Kaip įdiegti FluxBox

Štai keletas darbastalio nuotraukų. Fluxbox yra populiari minimalistė langų (Window) tvarkyklė. 

sudo apt-get install fluxbox
[edit]
Kad įsijungtų kai prisijungiate per GDM 
echo "exec startfluxbox" > ~/.xinitrc
[edit]
Pridėkite garso efektą prisijungiant 
sudo apt-get install sox
gedit ~/.fluxbox/startup
  • Raskite šią euilutę: 
exec /usr/local/bin/fluxbox
  • Įrašykite tai virš anos eilutės: 
play /usr/share/sounds/login.wav > /dev/null 2>&1 &
  • Linksmo klausimosi.
[edit]

Eye Candy

[edit]

How to install Xgl/Compiz (Nvidia)

  • For complete info on how to set up XGL on different cards and some tweaks see: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=148351 



sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Find this section 
Section "Module"
	Load	"i2c"
	Load	"bitmap"
	...
	Load	"type1"
	Load	"vbe"
EndSection
  • Comment out dri and GLcore (if present) 
#	Load	"dri"
#	Load	"GLcore"
  • Make sure the glx module is loaded 
	Load	"glx"
  • Find this section (your values may vary) 
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
	Driver		"nv"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection
  • Replace with the following lines, leaving the Identifier and BusID as it is 
Section "Device"
	...
	Driver		"nvidia"
	...
	Option		"RenderAccel"		"true"
	Option		"AllowGLXWithComposite" "true"
EndSection
  • Find this section 
Section "Screen"
	Identifier	"Default Screen"
	Device		"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
	Monitor		"Generic Monitor"
	DefaultDepth	16
  • Make sure DefaultDepth is set to 24, if it isn't already 
	DefaultDepth	24
  • Save the edited file
  • Install Xgl/Compiz 
sudo apt-get install compiz xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 compiz-gnome
sudo cp /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom-backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom
  • Replace everything with the following lines 
# GDM Configuration Customization file.
#
# This file is the appropriate place for specifying your customizations to the
# GDM configuration.   If you run gdmsetup, it will automatically edit this
# file for you and will cause the daemon and any running GDM GUI programs to
# automatically update with the new configuration.  Not all configuration
# options are supported by gdmsetup, so to modify some values it may be
# necessary to modify this file directly by hand.
# 
# To hand-edit this file, simply add or modify the key=value combination in
# the appropriate section in the template below.  Refer to the comments in the
# gdm.conf file for information about each option.  Also refer to the reference
# documentation.
# 
# If you hand edit a GDM configuration file, you should run the following
# command to get the GDM daemon to notice the change.  Any running GDM GUI
# programs will also be notified to update with the new configuration.
#
# gdmflexiserver --command="UPDATE_CONFIG <configuration key>"
#
# For example, the "Enable" key in the "[debug]" section would be specified by
# "debug/Enable".
#
# You can also run gdm-restart or gdm-safe-restart to cause GDM to restart and
# re-read the new configuration settings.  You can also restart GDM by sending
# a HUP or USR1 signal to the daemon.  HUP behaves like gdm-restart and causes
# any user session started by GDM to exit immediately while USR1 behaves like
# gdm-safe-restart and will wait until all users log out before restarting GDM.
# 
# For full reference documentation see the gnome help browser under
# GNOME|System category.  You can also find the docs in HTML form on
# http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm/
# 
# NOTE: Lines that begin with "#" are considered comments.
# 
# Have fun!
[daemon]
[security]
[xdmcp]
[gui]
[greeter]
[chooser]
[debug]
[servers]# Override display 1 to use Xgl
0=Xgl 
[server-Xgl] 
name=Xgl server 
command=/usr/bin/Xgl :0 -fullscreen -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:fbo 
flexible=true
  • Create a script that runs Xgl/Compiz on startup 
gksudo gedit /usr/bin/thefuture
  • Insert the following lines into the new file. Replace .us with appropriate keyboard binding for your region. Eg .gb for United Kingdom. For a full list of keyboard bindings, type ls /usr/share/xmodmap in a terminal. If unsure, leave as .us (United States) 
#!/bin/bash
gnome-window-decorator &  compiz --replace gconf decoration wobbly fade minimize cube rotate zoom scale move resize place switcher &
xmodmap /usr/share/xmodmap/xmodmap.us
  • Save the file 
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/thefuture
  • To run compiz for this session 
thefuture
  • To have compiz load on startup
    • System -> Preferences -> Sessions
    • Startup Programs -> Add 
/usr/bin/thefuture
  • Troubleshooting
    • If Xgl/Compiz doesn't seem to work, or you get errors, simply restart your machine after adding "thefuture" to Startup programs
    • If moving windows slows down the system, run gconf-editor from the terminal. Find apps/compiz/general/screen0/options. Disable detect_refresh_rate and set refresh rate to 60. Everything should work fine now...
    • If you are using a non default keyboard layout (other language), you might have to change it back to what you need if the keyboard acts funny at System/Settings/Keyboard.
    • You can also set the Super-key to the windows button here.
    • If you don't want "bottom expanded panel", type "killall gnome-panel" in terminal.
  • Tips
    • Switch windows = Alt + Tab
    • Arrange and View All Windows = F12 turns on or off; clicking a window will zoom it to the front
    • Switch desktops on cube = Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Switch desktops on cube - with active window following = Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Rotate cube manually = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Make window translucent/opaque = currently only possible with the "transset" utility
    • Zoom-in once = Super-key right-click
    • Zoom-in manually = Super-key + wheel mouse up
    • Zoom-out manually = Super-key + wheel mouse down
    • Move window = Alt + left-click
    • Snap Move window (will stick to borders) = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Resize window = Alt + right-click
[edit]

How to install Xgl/Compiz (ATI)

[edit]

How to install alternate boot splash screen

  • Read #General Notes
  • This installs a minimalistic splash screen that appears when the computer is booting up and shutting down. It is devoid of any text messages. 
wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/usplash-minimalistic_0.1.deb
sudo dpkg -i usplash-minimalistic_0.1.deb
sudo update-alternatives --config usplash-artwork.so
  • Select the minimalistic alternative (/usr/local/lib/usplash/minimalastic.so) by entering the corresponding number. If you ever want to revert back to the original splash, select the default (/usr/lib/usplash/usplash-default.so)
  • Restart your computer to see the effects
  • See the official USplash Customization HOWTO for more customization.
[edit]

Commercial Applications

[edit]

How to install Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin)

  • http://www.win4lin.com
[edit]

How to install Windows Applications (CrossOver Office)

  • http://www.codeweavers.com
[edit]

How to install Windows Games (Cedega)

  • http://www.transgaming.com
[edit]

User Administration

[edit]

How to set/change/enable root user password 

sudo passwd root
[edit]

How to disable root user account 

sudo passwd -l root
[edit]

How to allow root user to login into GNOME 

Security Tab -> Security -> Allow root to login with GDM (Checked)
[edit]

How to switch to root user in Console mode 

sudo -s -H
Password: <specify user password>
[edit]

How to add/edit/delete system users

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Users and Groups
  • Users and Groups 
Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete
or 
sudo useradd jim
sudo userdel jim
  • For more info read 
man usermod
[edit]

How to add/edit/delete system groups

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Users and Groups
  • Users and Groups 
Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete
[edit]

How to automatic login into GNOME (not secure) 

Security Tab -> Enable Automatic Login (Checked)
Now choose a user from the drop-down menu.
[edit]

How to allow more sudoers 

EDITOR=gedit sudo visudo
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
  • Save the edited file

OR since everyone in the admin group can use sudo: 

sudo adduser a_username admin

This appends the admin group to the user's supplementary group list. They will now have sudo access.

[edit]

How to use "sudo" without prompt for password (not secure) 

EDITOR=gedit sudo visudo
  • Find this line 
...
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
...
  • Replace with the following line 
system_username	ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to explicitly destroy the "sudo" session 

sudo -K
[edit]

How to change files/folders permissions 

Right click on files/folders -> Properties

Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)
[edit]

How to change files/folders ownership 

sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders
[edit]

How to change files/folders group ownership 

sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders
[edit]

Hardware

[edit]

Activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox

Just add two lines to xorg.conf will activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox. This should work with most 5-button mouse. Here is a list of mice that worked with this instruction. 

Logitech MX510
Logitech MX518
Intellimouse Explorer (first edition)


Backup Gnome configuration file 

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.bak

Modify the Gnome configuration file 

gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Find the Input Device section for your mouse and add two lines as shown below. You may also increase the number of buttons if your mouse has more than 7, just fix the rest of the section based upon the number of buttons (remember back/forward, wheel click & tilt left/right all count as buttons)

Change: 

Section "InputDevice"
	Identifier "Configured Mouse"
	Driver "mouse"
	Option "CorePointer"
	...
	Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
	...
	Option "Emulate3Buttons"       "true"
EndSection

to: 

Section "InputDevice"
	Identifier "Configured Mouse"
	Driver "mouse"
	Option "CorePointer"
	...
	Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
	...
	Option "Emulate3Buttons"       "true"
	Option "Buttons" "7"
 	Option "ButtonMapping" "1 2 3 6 7"
EndSection


At this point you can reboot your computer or reboot Gnome (Ctrl-Alt-BackSpace) to see if your forward/back buttons work in FireFox. They still won't work in Nautilus yet until you install the imwheel dameon.

[edit]

Install & Configure IMWheel

  • Install IMWheel 
sudo apt-get install imwheel
  • Modify IMWheel configuration file 
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/imwheel/imwheelrc
  • Insert the following at the bottom of this existing file 
".*"
None, Up, Alt_L|Left
None, Down, Alt_L|Right 
"(null)"
None, Up, Alt_L|Left
None, Down, Alt_L|Right


  • Create IMWheel start-up script 
sudo mkdir /home/login
gksudo gedit /home/login/mouse
  • Insert the following into this new file 
#!/bin/sh
exec xmodmap -e "pointer = 1 2 3 6 7 4 5" &
exec imwheel -k -b "67" &
exec $REALSTARTUP
  • Grant execution for everyone to this new script 
sudo chmod +x /home/login/mouse
  • Configure this script to be executed at start-up
    1. Select 'System' > 'Preferences' > 'Sessions'
    2. Click the StartUp tab
    3. Click Add, then input: /home/login/mouse
    4. Click OK, then Close
  • Reboot your computer or your Gnome environment and then test your back/forward mouse buttons in Nautilus
[edit]

How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA) 

sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-common
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
[edit]

How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup 

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Find this section 
 ...
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
	Driver		"nvidia"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
...
  • Add the following line below it 
   Option		"NoLogo"
[edit]

How to install Graphics Driver (ATI)

  • See Unofficial ATI Linux driver wiki
  • Or Ubuntuforums.org
[edit]

How to Correct the Graphics Resolution (Intel)

  • Intel 915g, 945g, etc. graphics chipsets only have a limited set of resolutions initially installed, despite the correct driver being detected.
  • Install the resolution altering tool: 
sudo apt-get install 915resolution
  • Run the following to see the availible modes: 
915resolution -l
  • Choose a resolution you don't need and replace, for example the following changes 1920x1440 to 1920x1200 
915resolution 5c 1920 1200
  • This should add the option for that resolution to the "System>Preferences>Screen Resolution" tool.
  • If it works correctly then you can make the change permanent: 
sudo gedit /etc/rc.local
  • Simply add the command you typed in above before: 
exit 0
[edit]

How to monitor CPU, GPU temperatures, fan speeds and voltages (GKrellM)

GKrellM is a hardware monitor that can display CPU and GPU temperatures, fan speeds, voltages, CPU load, network load, disk activity, memory usage, and swap usage. The installation is very easy, and configuration is just a few mouse-clicks. You can set alerts to warn you if the CPU is too hot or there is a fan failure.. 

sudo apt-get install gkrellm

To run the program 

Click Applications -> System Tools -> GKrellM

To configure the settings, 

Right click on GKrellM -> Configuration

I was struggling with lm_sensors before, but it doesn't detect all of the sensors on my computer, and the installation/configuration is a bit tedious. Later I found "GKrellM", which works much better. It displays the GPU temperature on my nVidia 6600 GT out of the box. GKrellM also has plugins that show weather info, set reminders, etc.

Add an audio alert (optional Step): Here is how to play an audio message when the CPU is too hot or a fan fails. First you need to find or record your own audio alert files. (I use Audacity to record my own.) Then go to: 

Configuration -> Builtins folder (Left side)-> Sensors -> Temperatures folder (Right side)-> CPU -> Alerts Button

Paste ONE of the following lines into a Terminal window first to test the sound. If you have two sound cards, you can use "-ao oss:/dev/dsp1" option to route the sound to the second sound card. Modify the file path and name so it points to the correct file. If you can hear the sound, then copy that line to a command line text field on the GKrellM's Alerts window. 

mplayer /home/myfolder/alert_messages/heat_alert.mp3
mplayer -ao oss:/dev/dsp1 /home/myfolder/alert_messages/heat_alert.mp3
[edit]

How to identify Modem chipset 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/
  • To identify Modem chipset 
sudo scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt
[edit]

How to install Windows Wireless Drivers (Ndiswrapper)

  • Read #General Notes
  • In order to install ndiswrapper you need a copy the windows drivers for your Wireless ethernet device.
  • This is only ment to be installed if your card isn't supported.
  • Please visit Official supported cards list 
sudo apt-get install ndiswrapper-utils
sudo ndiswrapper -i /location_of_your_wireless_driver/your_driver.inf
sudo ndiswrapper -l
  • Unload ACX module and load ndiswrapper 
lsmod | grep acx
sudo rmmod acx (only if the module was found. It could also be acx_pci or similar)
modprobe ndiswrapper
  • Set ndiswrapper to load on startup 
sudo ndiswrapper -m
gksudo gedit /etc/modules
  • Add the following module to the list 
ndiswrapper
  • Now you can configure your wireless card with ifconfig and iwconfig.
e.g. Supposing wlan0 is your wireless device. 
sudo iwconfig wlan0 essid "AP" key ababababababababab mode Managed
iwconfig
  • You sould now be able to see the MAC address of the access point and signal rate.
[edit]

How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink) 

uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon
[edit]

How to configure PalmOS Devices 

gksudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"
  • Save the edited file
  • Add the pilot-applet to the Taskbar by Right-Clicking on an empty spot
  • Follow the instructions on screen
[edit]

How to list partition tables 

sudo fdisk -l
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks
[edit]

How to list filesystem disk space usage 

df -Th
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks
[edit]

How to list mounted devices 

mount
[edit]

How to list PCI devices 

lspci
[edit]

How to list USB devices 

lsusb
[edit]

Kaip pagreitinti CD/DVD-ROM

pvz. Tarkime, kad CD/DVD-ROM yra /dev/cdrom 
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
  • Įrašykite šias eilutes bylos pabaigoje 
/dev/cdrom {
    dma = on
}
  • Išsaugokite redaguojamą bylą
[edit]

Kaip prijungti/atjungti CD/DVD-ROM rankiniu būdu ir rodyti visas paslėptas bylas/katalogus

pvz. Tarkime, kad CD/DVD-ROM yra /media/cdrom0/
  • Norėdami prijungti CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
  • Norėdami atjungti CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/
[edit]

Kaip priverstinai rankiniu būdu atjunti CD/DVD-ROM

e.g. pvz. Tarkime, kad CD/DVD-ROM yra /media/cdrom0/ 
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l
[edit]

Kaip prijungti /etc/fstab esančius montavimo taškus neperkraunant kompiuterio 

sudo mount -a
[edit]

How to install a Wacom tablet

For a detailed guide with screenshots about how to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications, please follow the official Dapper guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com//Wacom

With the version of the Linux Wacom driver (0.7.2) in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake, if you unplug you tablet, it won't function when you plug it back in and you will have to restart X. For this reason, it is best to leave the tablet plugged in. This limitation will be removed when the 0.7.4 version of the driver is included in Ubuntu.

  • 1. Using Synaptic package manager1, check if the packages xserver-xorg-input-wacom and wacom-tools are already installed - if not, install them. If you prefer using the command line, you can also execute : 
     sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-wacom wacom-tools
  • 2. Save a copy of your /etc/X11/xorg.conf : 
      sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup
  • then edit it with the command line : 
      gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • and change all /dev/wacom occurences into /dev/input/wacom (created by wacom-tools udev scripts), then save the file.
  • You should be ready to go after you have restarted X. Remember to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications (Gimp, Inkscape), however you can already check if it's working by moving your stylus on the tablet : the mouse cursor should go through the whole screen.
[edit]

Kaip įjungti kelių procesorių palaikymą

  • Tai turi veikti tiek su multiprocesorinėmis sistemomis tiek su HT palaikančiais procesoriais 
sudo apt-get install linux-686-smp
  • Patikrinti veikimą galite įvykdę sekančią komandą 
cat /proc/cpuinfo
[edit]

Kaip įjungti plačiaekranių monitorių palaikymą

  • 24/23" plačiaekraniai monitoriai dažnai veikia nekorektiškai režime 1920x1200.
  • Pvz: Dell 2405, HP 2335 arba Apple Cinema Display. 
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Įrašykite šią eilutę "Monitor" skiltyje 
Modeline	"1920x1200" 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235
  • Pvz. HP2335 atveju turi atrodyti taip: 
Section "Monitor"
	Identifier	"hp L2335"
	Option		"DPMS"
	Modeline	"1920x1200" 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235
EndSection
[edit]

CD/DVD Burning

[edit]

How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
[edit]

How to burn files/folders into CD/DVD 

nautilus burn:///
  • File Browser: CD/DVD Creator
  • Drag files/folders into window 
File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write
[edit]

How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD 

Right click on Image (ISO) file -> Write to Disc... -> Write
[edit]

How to duplicate CD/DVD

[edit]

Kaip sukurti CD/DVD atvaizdą (ISO)

pvz. Tarkime, kad CD/DVD-ROM yra /dev/cdrom 
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024
[edit]

How to create Image (ISO) files from folders 

mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/
[edit]

How to generate MD5 checksum files 

md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
[edit]

How to check MD5 checksum of files

e.g. Assumed that file.iso and file.iso.md5 are in the same folder 
md5sum -c file.iso.md5
[edit]

How to mount/unmount Image (ISO) files without burning 

sudo mkdir /media/iso
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
  • To unmount Image (ISO) file 
sudo umount /media/iso/
[edit]

How to set/change the burn speed for CD/DVD Burner

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)
[edit]

How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)
[edit]

How to enable overburn for CD/DVD Burner

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)


[edit]

Networking

[edit]

How to configure Google Talk

  • See the answer at Google Talk Help Center
[edit]

How to activate/deactivate network connections

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Networking
  • Network settings 
Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate
[edit]

How to configure network connections

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Networking
  • Network settings 
Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Properties
Connection -> Enable this connection (Checked)
Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"

DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete
[edit]

How to configure dialup connections 

sudo pppconfig
  • To connect dialup 
sudo pon provider_name
  • To disconnect dialup 
sudo poff
[edit]

How to configure broadband connections 

sudo pppoeconf
[edit]

How to change computer name

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Networking
  • Network settings 
General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name
  • Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
[edit]

How to change computer descriptions 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
  server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...
  • Replace with the following line 
  server string = new_computer_descriptions
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to change computer Domain/Workgroup 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
  workgroup = MSHOME
...
  • Replace with the following line 
  workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service 

sudo apt-get install ipcheck
gksudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
 #!/bin/sh
 USERNAME=myusername
 PASSWORD=mypassword
 HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org
 cd /root/
 if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
  ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
 else
  ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
 fi
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
sudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
[edit]

How to share folders the easy way 

Right click on folder -> Share folder

Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name
[edit]

How to browse network computers

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly
Read #How to access network folders without mounting
  • Places -> Network Servers
[edit]

How to access network folders without mounting

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Shared folder's name: linux
  • Press 'Alt+F2' (Run Application...) and enter: 
smb://192.168.0.1/linux
[edit]

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder 
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword
  • To unmount network folder 
sudo umount /media/sharename/
[edit]

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder 
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777
  • To unmount network folder 
sudo umount /media/sharename/
[edit]

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename 
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
gksudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
username=myusername
password=mypassword
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials    0    0
[edit]

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename 
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
gksudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
username=myusername
password=mypassword
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777  0    0
[edit]

How to get ipw2200 and wpa to work

  • See Ubuntuforuns.org how-tos
[edit]

How to Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)

  • Read #General Notes
  • Use these instructions to automatically install PPTP Client
OR
  • Install manually 
wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gz
tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz
sudo sh ./pptp/install
  • To configure PPTP Client 
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop
  • Replace content of this file with the following lines 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=PPTP Client
Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
Categories=Application;Network
Encoding=UTF-8
Exec=gksudo pptpconfig
Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Type=Application
  • The above lines change the default file in three ways: the application is placed in the Application/Internet category, gksudo will make the application run as superuser and we put a nice icon that appears in the menu.
  • Start the client with Applications -> Internet -> PPTP Client
[edit]

How to Configure Ubuntu/Kubuntu with WPA using Network-Manager

Ubuntu Dapper in typical cases can configure WPA to work out of the box with minimal hassle. You'll need to install network-manager.


For Ubuntu: 

sudo apt-get install network-manager-gnome

For Kubuntu (will install knetworkmanager): 

sudo apt-get install network-manager-kde

Logout/Reboot.

Ubuntu users should now see the NetworkManager Applet in the Gnome notification area. Kubuntu users will probably have to run knetworkmanager before they see NetworkManager in the systray.

If instead, you get a "The NetworkManager applet could not find some required resources. It cannot continue." message, then: 

sudo gtk-update-icon-cache -f /usr/share/icons/hicolor

Once Network-Manager is installed, click on the NM icon in the notification area (default is at the top right of Ubuntu/Gnome). Choose your network, then enter your passphrase. Type a password for the keyring, and you're set.

If you don't see your network, click "Create New Wireless Network...", type your essid/networkname, then choose "WPA Personal" for wireless security.

  • Note: If you installed Kubuntu then installed ubuntu-desktop & network-manager-gnome, you may not be able to use network-manager in Gnome, if at all. In this case, you may have to use WPA Supplicant and do some manual editing of conf files to get WPA up and running.
  • Note: When you first log into Gnome/KDE, the keyring application will ask for a password. Future revisions of Network-Manager should resolve this.
[edit]

Remote Desktop

[edit]

How to configure remote desktop (not secure)

Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended
  • System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
  • Remote Desktop Preferences 
Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked)
Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)

Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: (Checked)
Password: Specify the password
[edit]

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1 
vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
  • To quit vncviewer 
Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer
[edit]

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
  • If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port. The default one is 5900
This process is called port forwarding port forwarding
  • Download DotNetVNC: Here
this is a free DotNet version that require the DotNet framework available from microsoft here
Remember that this is only one VNC client i've found searching in internet, search the one is more suitable for your interest
  • Open the VNC client you have chosen, and insert the connection string formatted like this <LINUX BOX IP><:DESKTOP NUMBER>|<::PORT>
In example use: 192.168.1.2:0 or 192.168.1.2::5900 to connect to desktop 0, to connect to desktop 1 use 192.168.1.2:1 or 192.168.1.2::5901 and so on
[edit]

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via OSX

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
  • If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port the default one is 5900
This process is called port forwarding port forwarding
  • Download ChickenOfTheVNC: Here
  • Open ChickenOfTheVNC, and insert the host (IP adress of remote machine), the display number (0 is default and is port 5900) and the password.
In example use: Host: 192.168.0.1, Display 0, Password: password
[edit]

Windows

[edit]

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only


e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
  • To unmount Windows partition 
sudo umount /media/windows/
[edit]

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
  • To unmount Windows partition 
sudo umount /media/windows/
[edit]

How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
/dev/hda1    /media/windows ntfs  nls=utf8,umask=0222 0    0
[edit]

How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
/dev/hda1    /media/windows vfat  iocharset=utf8,umask=000  0    0
[edit]

How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow users read and write access

Warning: Ntfs writing support is still experimental. You should not enable it on production machines and/or volumes you don't have backups of. Proceed at your own risk! 

sudo apt-get install libfuse2 fuse-utils
  • Download the latest ntfsprogs package (these are from the Dapper repositories, so they are safe to install.)

libntfs8 ntfsprogs libfuse2 fuse-utils

  • Install the downloaded packages 
sudo dpkg -i libfuse2_*.deb fuse-utils_*.deb ntfsprogs_*.deb libntfs8_*.deb
  • Add fuse to the list of modules to load 
echo fuse | sudo tee -a /etc/modules
  • Create a user group to access the ntfs disks 
sudo addgroup ntfs
  • The output should look something like this, remember the GID (the number printed after the group name) as it may differ and we will need it later:
Adding group `ntfs' (1002)...
Done.
  • Create the local mount folder and edit the fstab file to mount the disks to this folder.
e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file, using the GID number previously. The umask following this GID allows write access just to owner (root) and group (ntfs), and read access to everyone. 
/dev/hda1    /media/windows    ntfs-fuse    auto,gid=1002,umask=0002    0    0
  • Save the edited file.
  • Add users to the ntfs group, where "username" is the name of the user you would like to have write access 
sudo adduser username ntfs
  • Fix Dapper bug #29865 of the linux-ntfs package: 
sudo rm /sbin/mount.ntfs-fuse && sudo ln /usr/bin/ntfsmount /sbin/mount.ntfs-fuse
  • If you reboot now, the disk will be writable to the selected users when they logon. If you want the changes to take effect immediately without rebooting, execute the following command, ignoring the errors about "/" and others not being unmounted. You'll have to logout from all your user sessions for the new group to be acknowledged (usually a logout from your graphical session and login back again will do it). 
sudo modprobe fuse && sudo umount -a && sudo mount -a
  • Further troubleshooting is listed at this comprehensive howto thread.
[edit]

Security

[edit]

What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu

  • Read #General Notes
  • Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
    • To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
    • To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
    • To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
  • Ensure a password is set for BIOS
    • To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
  • Ensure computer is located at a secured place
    • To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
    • To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
  • Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
    • To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
    • Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
    • Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
    • Not create a password with just a single or just a typical union of main languages (english, german, french, spanish...) dictionary words
  • Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
  • Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
  • Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
    • To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
    • Read [[#How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode]]
  • Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
  • For day to day usage, login as a normal user
  • Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
    • To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
    • "sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
    • Read #How to disable root user account
  • Install a Firewall
  • Perform vulnerability test
[edit]

How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu

  • Run This: 
grub-md5-crypt 

Password: 
Retype password: 
$1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/
  • Backup your current configuration file 
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this section 
...
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
#   password --md5 $1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/
# password topsecret
...
  • Add the following line below it 
password --md5 $1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/ (encrypted password above)
  • Find the section(s) that look like this (note the 'recovery mode' and the word 'single'): 
...
title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
root		(hd0,1)
kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
savedefault
boot
...
  • Add lock between the title and root lines: 
...
title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
lock
root		(hd0,1)
...
  • Save the edited file

This will make it so your grub console will require a password to edit the lines, and the recovery modes won't work unless the password is typed. To access the other grub options at the menu, follow the instructions at the bottom of the screen. It will be something like pressing p and typing your password.

[edit]

How to disable history listing in Console mode 

rm -f .bash_history
gedit ~/.bash_profile
  • Add the following: 
export HISTFILESIZE=4
unset HISTFILE=5
# Change this to a reasonable number of lines to save, I like to save only 100.
export HISTSIZE=1
# Ignores duplicate lines next to each other
export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups

This will disable Bash history for the user, retaining keystroke history and recall to use while limiting recall history to 100 lines. This will also not record duplicate lines next to each other.

[edit]

How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode 

sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/inittab
  • Find this line 
...
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
...
  • Replace with the following line 
#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
  • Save the edited file 
sudo telinit q
[edit]

How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode 

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to setup a LoJack system for your laptop


What: Quote from Wikipedia: "LoJack is an aftermarket vehicle tracking system that allows cars to be tracked by police after being stolen. The manufacturer claims a 90% recovery rate. The name "LoJack" is a play on the word "hijack," meaning the theft of a vehicle through force."

Why: If your laptop is ever stolen and connected to the Internet. You will be able to find out from what IP it connects to the Internet from and contact the authorities.

How:

  • Get a free dynamic IP account from one of the many providers. Here we will use DynDNS. 
sudo apt-get install ddclient
  • Edit the configuration file /etc/ddclient.conf using you fevorite text editor (emacs, gedit, kedit or even vi) 
sudo emacs /etc/ddclient.conf
  • Make it look like this: 
# Configuration file for ddclient generated by debconf
#
# /etc/ddclient.conf
pid=/var/run/ddclient.pid
protocol=dyndns2
use=web
server=members.dyndns.org
login=YourNameHere
password='YourPasswordHere'
YourHostNameHere.gotmyip.com
NOTE:
* Make sure that you use the web IP detection method.
* Specify your own user id instead of the place holder YourNameHere.
* Specify your own password instead of the place holder YourPasswordHere, make sure to surround it with single quotes.
* The last line should specify the hostname you registered with the dynamic IP service.
  • You can now start the ddclient daemon, or wait until your next reboot. 
sudo /etc/init.d/ddclient start
  • The hostname you registered with your dynamic IP service should be updated. You can test it with the ping command: 
ping YourHostNameHere.gotmyip.com
Even if your laptop has a firewall that prevents pings the hostname should resolve to the IP of the network gateway that your laptop is connected to.
Now all that is left is for someone to steal your laptop.....

References:

  • http://ddclient.sourceforge.net/index.php
[edit]

Boot menu

[edit]

How to gain root user access without login

  • Read #General Notes
  • Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
    • Boot-up computer
    • If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
    • Select 
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
[edit]

How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access

  • Read #General Notes
  • Boot-up computer
  • If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
  • If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
  • Select 
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386
  • Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
  • Select 
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
  • Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
  • Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments 
grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash
  • Press 'b' to boot
[edit]

How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access

  • Read #General Notes
  • Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
  • At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument 
boot: rescue
  • Follow the instructions on screen
[edit]

How to change root user/main user password if forgotten 

# passwd root
  • To change main user password 
# passwd system_main_username
[edit]

How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten 

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
...
  • Replace with the following line 
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation

  • Use Super Grub Disk
  • More info on how to use it here
[edit]

How to identify the name of the boot drive (hd0, hd1, hd2, etc)

Press "c" on boot menu. If you don't see a boot menu, press ESC key first when booting to show the boot menu.

Type: 

root (hd0,0)

Most likely you will get "(hd0,0) ext2fs", which should be your current Linux drive. Now change hd0 to hd1 to see what is there. 

root (hd1,0)

If you get "(hd1,0) filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7", then hd1 is a Windows drive.

Now change hd1 to hd2, keep going until you reach hd7.

[edit]

How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition 
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
title		Microsoft Windows
root		(hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader	+1
  • Save the edited file


[edit]

How to boot into Windows installed on a seperate SATA drive

This configuration applies to people who have Linux installed on a IDE drive, and Windows installed on a seperate SATA. The IDE drive boots first, so we need to add an entry to the boot menu on the Linux disk. Here we assume the name of your Windows drive is hd1. If you are not sure, click the link above to find out. 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Append the following lines at the end of file. 
title           Windows XP on SATA drive
map (hd0) (hd1)
map (hd1) (hd0)
chainloader (hd1,0)+1
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine

OR
  • See www.fs-driver.org
[edit]

Tips & Tricks

[edit]

Kaip perkrauti GNOME neperkraunant kompiuterio 

Paspauskite 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'
arba 
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
[edit]

How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup 

sudo apt-get install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default
  • Find this line 
...
exit 0
  • Add the following lines above it 
if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
 /usr/bin/numlockx on
fi
[edit]

How to remap the Caps Lock key as another Control key 

gksudo gedit /etc/console-tools/remap
[edit]
In the Console
  • Change 
#s/keycode  58 = Caps_Lock/keycode  58 = Control/;

to 

s/keycode  58 = Caps_Lock/keycode  58 = Control/;
  • Save your work 
sudo /etc/init.d/console-screen.sh
  • Try using it
[edit]
In X Windows 
gksudo gedit ~/.Xmodmap
  • Add this: 
keycode 66 = Control_L
clear Lock
add Control = Control_L
  • Now, apply the changes. 
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap
  • To apply them on startup: 
gedit ~/.xinitrc
  • Make the first line this: 
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap
  • Restart X (Ctrl - Alt - Backspace)
  • Log In, a dialog should pop up, add .Xmodmap to the left side with the add button, and Save.
[edit]

How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME 

Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete
[edit]

How to speed-up your Ubuntu box

  • Read the following post: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=189192
[edit]

How to switch to Console mode in GNOME 

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • To switch between consles in Console mode 
Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • To switch back to GNOME mode 
Press 'Alt + F7'
[edit]

How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME 

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
Section "ServerFlags"
	Option		"DontZap"		"yes"
EndSection
[edit]

How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME 

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"
[edit]

Kaip atnaujinti GNOME darbalaukį 

killall nautilus
[edit]

Kaip atnaujinti GNOME skydelį (GNOME panel) 

killall gnome-panel
[edit]

How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy (Unchecked)
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save (Checked)
[edit]

How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

  • Read #General Notes
  • Places -> Home Folder
  • To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus 
Press 'Ctrl + H'
  • To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus 
Edit Menu -> Preferences

Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)
[edit]

How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus 

gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop
    • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
  • To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
    • Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)
[edit]

How to change default file type "Open with" program 

Right click on file -> Properties

Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program

Select "Open with" program (Checked)
[edit]

How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird 

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s
[edit]

How to open files as root user via right click 

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
	gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done
  • Save the edited file 
chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root
[edit]

How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode

Not for Dapper---- firingstone 

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...

General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)
[edit]

How to handle mss protocol in Mozilla Firefox


  • Open your firefox.
  • Type as url: about:config

Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose "new", then "string". Then copy the following line into the appearing text field: 

network.protocol-handler.app.mms

Into the next text field copy this: 

/usr/bin/X11/vlc

Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but "boolean", and the line to copy is: 

network.protocol-handler.external.mms

Then set 

true
[edit]

How to handle rtsp (realmedia) protocol in Mozilla Firefox


  • Open your firefox.
  • Type as url: about:config

Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose "new", then "string". Then copy the following line into the appearing text field: 

network.protocol-handler.app.rtsp

Into the next text field copy this: 

/usr/bin/X11/realplay

Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but "boolean", and the line to copy is: 

network.protocol-handler.external.rtsp

Then set 

true
[edit]

How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
  • Mozilla Firefox 
Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox
[edit]

How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
  • Mozilla Firefox 
Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox


[edit]

How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
  • To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
    1. Settings -> Repositories
    2. In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
    3. You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository
  • To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
    1. Settings -> Repositories
    2. Click on Add and then Custom
    3. Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time: 
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free 

deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu dapper-commercial main
  • To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update) 
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
  • To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade) 
Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name) 
Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
  • To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name) 
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name) 
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
[edit]

What packages do the extra repositories provide

  • The PLF repository provides
    1. DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
    2. Skype
    3. Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
    4. Opera Web browser
    5. RealPlayer 10
    6. Win32 binary multimedia codecs
[edit]

How to install/uninstall .deb files 

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
  • To uninstall .deb file 
sudo dpkg -r package_name
[edit]

How to convert .rpm files to .deb files 

sudo alien package_file.rpm
[edit]

How to compile .deb files from source 

sudo apt-get install checkinstall
  • Now when you compile something from source after you have run ./configure and make you can make a .deb file and install it with checkinstall. For more info go to CheclInstall home page
[edit]

How to rename all files in directory at once 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb
  • To rename all files in directory at once 
mvb NEW_NAME
[edit]

How to manipulate all image files in directory at once 

sudo apt-get install imagemagick
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips
  • To manipulate all image files in directory at once 
bbips
[edit]

How to set System-wide Environment Variables 

sudo cp -p /etc/profile /etc/profile_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/profile
  • Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to save "man" outputs into files 

man command | col -b > file.txt
[edit]

How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
#hiddenmenu
...
  • Replace with the following line 
hiddenmenu
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
timeout     3
...
  • Replace with the following line 
timeout     X_seconds
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
default     0
...
  • Replace with the following line 
default     X_sequence
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up

e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition 
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this section 
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
#      grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
#      grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
#      and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...
  • Add the following line below it 
splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu 
convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm
[edit]

How to display only one kernel on GRUB menu 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup-`date +%F`
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
# howmany=all
...
  • Replace with the following line 
# howmany=1

Where 1 means to keep the last kernel, 2 to keep the last 2 kernels, etc. Do not delete the # symbol. The menu will be updated once a new kernel will be updated by the system, not before.

  • Save the edited file
[edit]

Kaip laikinai praleisti boot-up servisus 

Paspauskite 'Ctrl + C'
[edit]

Kaip įjungti/išjungti krovimosi (boot-up) servisus visam laikui

[edit]

How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown 

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd
  • Find this section 
...
 stop)
  log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
  start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
  log_end_msg $?
...
  • Add the following line below it 
  rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode 

Press 'Shift + Page Up'
  • To scroll down to view previously outputs 
Press 'Shift + Page Down'
[edit]

How to find out which version of Ubuntu I am using 

cat /etc/issue
[edit]

How to set up automatic background change (GNOME) 

mkdir ~/.backgrounds
cd ~/.backgrounds
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/change_background.py
chmod +x change_background.py
  • To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer 
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • Add the following line at the end of file 
@reboot ~/.backgrounds/change_background.py
For more information about periodic processes see 
man 5 crontab
[edit]

How to set up automatic background change (KDE)

  • Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
  • Choose Slide Show
  • Press Setup...
  • Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
  • Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
  • Press 'OK'
[edit]

How to add keyboard layouts for other languages

  • Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
  • Choose Layouts
  • Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
  • Choose Layout Options
  • Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
  • Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
  • Press Close.

See #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.

[edit]

How to add keyboard layouts toggle for other languages (Xfce)

  • use *.lst files on /etc/X11/xkb/rules to select 2nd_laguage_code 
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,2nd_laguage_code
  • you can add it to a startup file, which will be set to be executed on startup, with the following lines (remember to 'chmod +x' the file): 
#!/bin/tcsh
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,il
[edit]

How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet

  • Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
  • Click Add to Panel...
  • Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)

The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.

[edit]

How to type extended characters

  • Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
  • Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.

The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.

  • ' + a = á
  • ' + e = é
  • and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-ń, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-ŕ
  • " + a = ä
  • " + e = ë
  • and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö

Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à, è, ù, ì, ò. Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.

To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively. To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.

There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,

  • RightAlt+q = ä
  • RightAlt+w = å
  • RightAlt+e = é
  • RightAlt+r = ®
  • RightAlt+t = þ
  • RightAlt+y = ü
  • RightAlt+u = ú
  • RightAlt+i = í
  • RightAlt+o = ó
  • RightAlt+p = ö
  • RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
  • RightAlt+a = á
  • RightAlt+s = ß
  • RightAlt+d = ð
  • RightAlt+l = ø
  • RightAlt+; = ¶
  • RightAlt+: = °
  • RightAlt+z = æ
  • RightAlt+c = ©
  • RightAlt+n = ñ
  • RightAlt+m = µ
  • RightAlt+, = ç
  • RightAlt+/ = ¿
  • RightAlt+1 = ¡
  • RightAlt+2 = ²
  • RightAlt+3 = ³
  • RightAlt+4 = ¤
  • RightAlt+5 = €
  • RightAlt+6 = ¼
  • RightAlt+7 = ½
  • RightAlt+8 = ¾
  • RightAlt+9 = ‘
  • RightAlt+0 = ’
  • RightAlt+- = ¥
  • RightAlt+= = ×
  • RightAlt+! = ¹
  • RightAlt+@, then o = ő (and Ő).
  • RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ā). Similarly for ēĒ, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
  • RightAlt+$ = £
  • RightAlt+% =
  • RightAlt+^ =
  • RightAlt+& =
  • RightAlt+*, then a = ą (and Ą). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
  • RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ă)
  • RightAlt+(, then g = ğ (and Ğ)
  • RightAlt+), then a = å (and Å)
  • RightAlt+_ =
  • RightAlt++ = ÷
[edit]

How to set the Compose key to type special characters

  • Click System, Preferences, Keyboard.
  • Under Layout Options, expand on Compose key position.
  • Choose Right-Win key is compose, click Close.

Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to this keyboard settings file. Specifically, the lines that start with GDK_Multi_key are those that we can use here. The Compose key is actually GDK_Multi_key.

Some examples,

  • RightWin + C + = produces €
  • RightWin + = + C produces €
  • RightWin + C + O produces ©
  • RightWin + O + C produces ©
  • RightWin + a + ' produces á
  • RightWin + a + " produces ä
  • RightWin + a + ` produces à
  • RightWin + a + ~ produces ã
  • RightWin + a + * produces å
  • RightWin + a + ^ produces â
  • RightWin + a + > produces â
  • RightWin + a + , produces ą
  • RightWin + e + - produces ē
  • RightWin + S + 1 produces ¹
  • RightWin + S + 2 produces ²
  • RightWin + S + 3 produces ³
[edit]

How to install ubuntu-title font used in Ubuntu logo 

sudo apt-get install ttf-ubuntu-title

Now you can use this font in your favorite applications

[edit]

Servers

[edit]

AntiVirus Server

[edit]

How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server 

sudo apt-get install clamav
[edit]

How to manually update virus databases 

sudo freshclam
[edit]

How to manually scan files/folders for viruses 

sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
[edit]

How to automatically scan files/folders for viruses

e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday
* * * * * means minute hour date month year 
export EDITOR=gedit &&  sudo crontab -e
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
00 00 * * *  sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

Print Server (cupsd)

[edit]

How to install cupsd

Cupsd should be automatically installed during standard instaltion. Checkout if there is a file "/etc/init.d/cupsys". If you want to manually install it, do 
 sudo apt-get install cupsys*
[edit]

Kaip pridėti spausdintuvą

  • Eikite System -> Administration -> Printing.
  • Pasirinkite "Add printer".

Pasirodis "Add printer wizard" vedlys ir nurodis ką daryti.

[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from another Ubuntu machine

  • Make sure your local printer is well configured.
  • Server ip address: 192.168.0.1
  • Client ip address: 192.168.0.23
    • Server configuration 
 sudo cp /etc/cups/cupsd.conf /etc/cups/cupsd.conf.backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
find the block 
<Location />
  ...
  Allow localhost
  ...
</Location>
and add the following line into it. 
 Allow 192.168.0.23
Restart cups. 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
    • Client configuration 
 sudo cp /etc/cups/client.conf /etc/cups/client.conf.backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/cups/client.conf
And add the following line into it. 
 ServerName 192.168.0.1
Restart cups. 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
Now try "lpq" and you should see something like 
 vitek@lightfox:~$ lpq
 HPLJ6P is ready
 no entries
[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from a Windows machine

[edit]

Samba Server

[edit]

Kaip įdiegti Samba Server bylų/katalogų dalijimosi paslaugą 

sudo apt-get install samba smbfs
[edit]

How to add/edit/delete network users 

sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
    • Insert the following line into the new file 
system_username = "network username"
    • Save the edited file
  • To edit network user 
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
  • To delete network user 
sudo smbpasswd -x system_username
[edit]

How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Find this section 
...
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
  writable = no
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
  writable = yes

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[Group]
  comment = Group Folder
  path = /home/group
  public = yes
  writable = no
  valid users = system_username1 system_username2
  create mask = 0700
  directory mask = 0700
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 


sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[Group]
  comment = Group Folder
  path = /home/group
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  valid users = system_username1 system_username2
  create mask = 0700
  directory mask = 0700
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 


sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user 
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = no
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody 
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No) 

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following line 
  security = share
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = no
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No) 

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following line 
  security = share
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine via samba 

 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.backup
 gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
Find the following lines 
 ...
 # printing = cups
 # printcap name = cups
 ...
and uncomment them. 
 printing = cups
 printcap name = cups
Restart cups server 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
Now printers working on your Ubuntu machine should be acessible via samba.
[edit]

SSH Server

[edit]

How to install SSH Server for remote administration service 

sudo apt-get install ssh
[edit]

How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1 
ssh username@192.168.0.1
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory) 
scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/ 
scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory) 
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/ 
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
[edit]

How to mount remote folders into local Ubuntu machine (sshfs)

e.g. Assumed that remote machine has installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote machine folder location: /media/music
  • Install sshfs 
sudo apt-get install sshfs
  • Load kernel driver for sshfs 
sudo modprobe fuse
  • For permanent use add 'fuse' at the end of /etc/modules 
gksudo gedit /etc/modules
  • Join the 'fuse' user group 
sudo adduser your_user_name fuse
  • Logout and login for this to take effect.
  • Create local mountpoint in your home directory 
mkdir ~/remote_music
  • Mount the remote folder into ~/remote_music 
sshfs 192.168.0.1:/media/music ~/remote_music
[edit]

How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
  • Download PuTTY: Here


[edit]

How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
  • Download FileZilla: Here
[edit]

How to limit the user accounts that can connect through ssh remotely

e.g. If you enable the SSH server, then any user with a valid account can connect remotely
This can lead to security risks, as there exist remote password cracking tools that
try common username/password pairs.
  • Keep a backup of the ssh server configuration file with

sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ORIGINAL

  • Edit the configuration file

gksudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config

  • Change the parameter PermitRootLogin from yes to no. The superuser must not be able to connect directly from remote.
  • Add the parameter AllowUsers and specify the usernames (space separated) that can connect remotely.
  • You can also use DenyUsers for fine-grained selection of users.
  • If you enable the openssh server and you have no intention for now to enable remote connections, you may add AllowUsers nosuchuserhere to disable anyone connecting.
[edit]

DHCP Server

[edit]

How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment

e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
Domains: tm.net.my
Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1 
sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server
sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server
  • Find this line 
...
INTERFACES=""
  • Replace with the following line 
INTERFACES="eth0"
  • Save the edited file 
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
  • Find this section 
...
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "example.org";
#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;
  • Find this section 
...
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
# option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
# option domain-name "internal.example.org";
# option routers 10.5.5.1;
# option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
# default-lease-time 600;
# max-lease-time 7200;
#}
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
 option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
 option domain-name "tm.net.my";
 option routers 192.168.0.1;
 option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
 default-lease-time 600;
 max-lease-time 7200;
}
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart


[edit]

Database Server

[edit]

How to install MYSQL Database Server 

sudo apt-get install mysql-server
  • MySQL initially only allows connections from the localhost (127.0.0.1). We'll need to remove that restriction if you wish to make it accessible to everyone on the internet. Open the file /etc/mysql/my.cnf 
gksudo gedit /etc/mysql/my.cnf
  • Find the line bind-address = 127.0.0.1 and comment it out 
...
#bind-address           = 127.0.0.1
...
  • MySQL comes with no root password as default. This is a huge security risk. You'll need to set one. So that the local computer gets root access as well, you'll need to set a password for that too. The local-machine-name is the name of the computer you're working on. For more information see here 
mysqladmin -u root password your-new-password
mysqladmin -h root@local-machine-name -u root password your-new-password
sudo /etc/init.d/mysql restart
[edit]

How to install MYSQL Administrator 

sudo apt-get install mysql-admin
[edit]

How to install Oracle Database XE

  • Add the following repository to your /etc/apt/sources.list: 
deb http://oss.oracle.com/debian unstable main non-free
  • Install the software using apt-get 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install oracle-xe
  • Add your login to the 'dba' group (where your login name is username) 
sudo usermod -G dba -a username
[edit]

Apache HTTP Server

[edit]

How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service 

sudo apt-get install apache2
  • http://localhost
[edit]

How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server

[edit]
How to install PHP4 
sudo apt-get install php4
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php4
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • To test if php4 installed correctly 
gksudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
  • Save the edited file
  • http://localhost/testphp.php
  • Be sure to remove the file afterwards, as it may pose a security risk
[edit]
How to install PHP5 
sudo apt-get install php5
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • To test if php5 installed correctly 
gksudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
  • Save the edited file
  • http://localhost/testphp.php
  • Be sure to remove the file afterwards, as it may pose a security risk
[edit]

How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server 

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
  • Select either php4-mysql or php5-mysql depending on which version of PHP you installed 
sudo apt-get install php<version-number>-mysql
sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
  • To get PHP to work with MySQL, open the file (where <version> is either 4 or 5 depending on which PHP you installed) 
gksudo gedit /etc/php<version>/apache2/php.ini
  • You'll need to uncomment the ";extension=mysql.so" line so that it looks like this 
...
extension=mysql.so
...
  • Save the file then exit 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • http://localhost/phpmyadmin
[edit]

How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/ 

gksudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/

<Directory /location_of_folder/>
  Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
  AllowOverride All
  Order allow,deny
  Allow from all
</Directory>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • http://localhost/URL-path
[edit]

How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78 
sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf
  • Find this line 
Listen 80
  • Replace with the following line 
Listen 78
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • http://localhost:78
[edit]

How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News 
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz
sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds
sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
gksudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
 <head>
 <title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>
 <style type="text/css">
 /*<![CDATA[*/
 /* 
 DEFAULT TAG STYLES
 */
 body {
  background: #ffffff;
  margin-left: 20px;
  font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 9pt;
 }
 h1 {
  font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 15pt;
 }
 /*]]>*/
 </style>
 </head>
 <body>
 <?php
 require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
 error_reporting(E_ERROR);
 $url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
 $rss = fetch_rss($url);
 if ($rss) {
  echo "<h1>";
  echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
  echo "</h1>";
  foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
   $url = $item[link];
   $title = $item[title];
   $description = $item[description];
   echo "<li>";
   echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
   echo "$description<br/><br/>";
   echo "</li>";
  }
 }
 else {
  echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
 }
 ?>
 </body>
 </html>
  • Save the edited file
  • http://localhost/feeds/index.php
[edit]

FTP Server

[edit]

How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service 

sudo apt-get install proftpd
[edit]

How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Find this section 
...
DenyFilter           \*.*/
...
  • Add the following line below it 
DefaultRoot           ~
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read only 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous ~ftp>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
 <Directory *>
  <Limit WRITE>
   DenyAll
  </Limit>
 </Directory>
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read/write 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous ~ftp>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to map anonymous FTP user to folders outside /home/ftp/ 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous /location_of_folder/>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
 <Directory *>
  <Limit WRITE>
   DenyAll
  </Limit>
 </Directory>
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to change the default port number for FTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77 
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Find this line 
Port              21
  • Replace with the following line 
Port              77
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to ftp into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service
Read #How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service
  • Download FileZilla: Here
[edit]

Streaming Media Server

[edit]

How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service

e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files 
sudo apt-get install gnump3d
  • http://localhost:8888
[edit]

How to change the default directory containing multimedia files for GNUMP3d

e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/ 
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Find this line 
root = /var/music
  • Replace with the following line 
root = /home/music
  • Find this line 
user = gnump3d
  • Replace with the following line 
user = root
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
  • http://localhost:8888
[edit]

How to change the default port number for GNUMP3d

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878 
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Find this line 
port = 8888
  • Replace with the following line 
port = 7878
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
  • http://localhost:7878


[edit]

Image Gallery Server

  • For a comparison between Gallery1 and Gallery2 see here
[edit]

Gallery1

[edit]
How to install Gallery1 for Image Gallery Server service 
sudo apt-get install gallery (when prompted to restart Apache, choose No or Cancel)
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
sudo apt-get install jhead
sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh
  • http://localhost/gallery/setup/index.php
  • Gallery Configuration 
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1
Next Step ->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2
General settings Tab ->
Admin password: Specify the password
Locations and URLs Tab ->
Album directory: /var/www/albums/
Temporary directory: /tmp/
Gallery URL: http://localhost/gallery
Albums URL: http://localhost/albums
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4
Save Config ->
  • http://localhost/gallery/albums.php
[edit]
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP)
e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly
Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com 
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Find this section 
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";
  • Save the edited file
  • http://www.url.com/gallery/albums.php
[edit]
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP)
e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1 
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Find this section 
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";
  • Save the edited file
  • http://192.168.0.1/gallery/albums.php
[edit]
How to backup/restore Gallery1 data 
sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/
  • To restore Gallery data 
sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /
[edit]

Gallery2

[edit]
How to install Gallery2
[edit]
How to configure Gallery2
[edit]

Problemų sprendimai

[edit]

Tinklo konfiguravimas... (per ilgai kraunama)

[edit]

Laikrodžio sinchronizavimas su ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (per ilgai kraunama) 

service_name = ntpdate
[edit]

Kaip išjungti laiko/datos perstatymą į UTC (GMT) 

sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/default/rcS
  • Raskite šią eilutę 
...
UTC=yes
...
  • Pakeiskite šia eilute 
UTC=no
  • Išsaugokite failą
  • System -> Administration -> Time and Date

Nustatykite teisingą laiką/datą 

sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart
[edit]

Ką daryti, kad garsas GNOME veiktų tinkmai 

sudo killall esd
sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
  • Raskite šią vietą 
...
auto_spawn=0
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5
...
  • Pakeiskite šiomis eilutėmis 
auto_spawn=1
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default
  • Išsaugokite failą 
sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0
gksudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
  • Įrašykite tai naujame faile 
pcm.card0 {
type hw
card 0
}
pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "dmixer"
}
pcm.dmixer {
type dmix
ipc_key 1025
slave {
pcm "hw:0,0"
period_time 0
period_size 2048
buffer_size 32768
rate 48000
}
bindings {
0 0
1 1
}
}
  • Išsaugokite failą 
sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1

System -> Preferences -> Sound
Sound preferences

General Tab -> Sounds for events (Un-Checked)
  • Išsaugokite ir išjunkite visas veikiančias programas, perkraukite kompiuterį
[edit]

Kaip tinkamai išvalyti GNOME šiukšliadėžę 

sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/
[edit]

Kaip pašalinti susidubliavusius GNOME meniu/meniu punktus 

rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu
[edit]

How to refresh Places menu in GNOME (if mounts to /media/ in /etc/fstab does not show up) 

sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart
[edit]

How to consume static (not dhcp) wireless LAN (WLAN) connection (KDE)

  • I assume you have successfully consumed WLAN connection in Windows
  • To enable the network device please follow the following steps
  • Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Network Settings
  • Enable Administrator mode
  • Select Network Interfaces tab and the wireless interface (usually ath0) to configure
  • Click Configure Interface...
  • Choose Manual or Automatic. Choose Manual
  • Fill the preferred IP address to identify your computer and the netmask. Choose to activate when computer starts
  • Click Advanced Settings to for more properties
  • Select Routes tab and fill the gateway IP address
  • Make sure you choose the correct device in the right dropdown (e.g. ath0)
  • Click apply to commit all changes
  • To choose wireless connection please follow the following steps
  • Go to K-menu -> Internet -> Wireless Assistant
  • Right click on preferred connection ssid
  • Choose and complete fields for Manual connection
  • Click Ok
  • Create connection configuration 
gksudo gedit /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
network={
ssid="YOUR_PREFERRED_CONNECTION_SSID"
scan_ssid=1
proto=WPA
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
psk="STRING_TO_GENERATE_PASSWORD"
#psk=123456789 #you have option to use connection key instead of connection password
}
  • Save the edited file
  • Create script to easily activate connection 
gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
#! /bin/sh
# wifi: wpa_supplicant init
echo " * [Wifi]: Enabling WPA supplicant..."
if [ -x /sbin/wpa_supplicant ]; then
/sbin/wpa_supplicant -B -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -D madwifi -w
fi
exit 0
  • Save the edited file
  • Make sure both file readable and executable 
sudo chmod +r /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
  • make wireless connection automaticaly starts when computer starts 
sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh /etc/rcS.d/S40netwifiwpa
  • Close all opened applications, Reboot computer
[edit]

Ką daryti, kad veiktų 1400x1050 rezoliucija

  • Žiūrėkite http://ubuntu.vdb-studios.be/installationDapper.php
[edit]

Upgrading Ubuntu

[edit]

How to upgrade from Hoary Hedgehog -> Breezy Badger -> Dapper Drake

  • First, make sure you're fully upgraded: 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
  • If you don't have a CD available make SURE you comment/remove the line pertaining to your CD media 
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

/etc/apt/sources.list

for an upgrade to breezy your sources.list should look something similar to this: 

## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch updated software from the network
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted
## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch major bug fix updates produced
## after the final release of the distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe</div>


  • To upgrade from breezy to dapper, just replace (ctrl+h) all instances of 'breezy' with 'dapper' within the /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Save this file. 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
  • Save your session, reboot, and enjoy.

NOTE:

  • I would NOT suggest upgrading directly from hoary to dapper. Upgrade: hoary->breezy->dapper
[edit]

Kaip atnaujinti Ubuntu iš Dapper Drake į Edgy Eft (eksperimentinis)

  • greitai bus...
[edit]

Pašalintos temos

  • Iš šio gido pašalinti straipsniai yra čia
Retrieved from "http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu_dapper_lt"