Ubuntu feisty no

From

Image:Ubuntuguide_logo.png

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Uoffisiell Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) Linux Nybegynnerguide

Denne guiden ble startet av Chua Wen Kiat fra Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Den blir for tiden vedlikeholdt og oppdatert av Linux Senteret ved Universitetet i Latvia og alle andre som er villig til å bidra. Den norske oversettelsen er gjort av Håvar Nielsen men utgitt på nye til 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) av Torstein Eide og utgitt under samme GPL lisens som det opprinnelige arbeidet.

Denne guiden kan diskuteres i det offisielle UbuntuGuide.org forumet på ubuntuforums.org. Kom innom og bli med i diskusjonen.

For å redigere denne siden må du registre deg.

Denne guiden holder på å bli oversatt til norsk. Arbeidet er ennå ikke fullført, og omtrent halvparten av denne siden er fortsatt på engelsk. Ønsker du å hjelpe til med oversettingen, så må du gjerne gjøre det. Denne siden er på bokmål og ikke nynorsk. Dersom du vil lage en nynorsk oversetting, så må du gjerne opprette en egen side for det.

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语言 عربي -قيد التحرير- • Português do Brasil • Português • Bangla • Bulgarian • Català • 中文 (翻译中) • Česky • German • Español • 繁體中文 (翻譯中) • English • French • Ελληνικά • Filipino • German • Hindi • Italiano • ລາວ; Nederlands • Norsk • Polski• Lietuviškai• Română • Suomi • Türkçe • Indonesian • සිංහල • فارسی • עברית • پښتو • ไทย • Русский (In Progress) • Українська • Persian • 日本語 (翻訳中); اُردو • नेपाली • Srpski edit
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Eldre versjoner

Andre oversettelser: Português • Bulgarian • Català • 中文 (翻译中) • 繁體中文 (翻譯中) • English • French (In Progress) • German • Italiano • Nederlands • Polski • Lithuanian (In Progress) • Español (In Progress) • Suomi (In Progress) • Ελληνικά • Română • Indonesian • සිංහල (In Progress) • فارسی(In Progress) • پښتو(In Progress) • ไทย • Русский (In Progress) • Українська (In Progress) • Persian (In Progress) • 日本語 (翻訳中) edit
Andre oversettelser: Português • Português do Brasil • Bulgarian • Bangla • 中文 • Česky • Filipino • English • French • German • Italiano • Nederlands • Norsk • Suomi • Polski• Lietuviškai• Español • Română • Indonesian • Türkçe • Русский • Persian • 日本語 (翻訳中) edit
Andre oversettelser: Latviešu tulkojums • Русский перевод • Wersja polska • Traditional Chinese • Persian • Italian • Português • Slovenski • German • Estonian • Afrikaans • Slovak • Svenska • 简体中文 edit
  • Ubuntu 5.04 på bulgarsk: http://www.ubuntuguide.hit.bg/


Contents


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Generelle merknader

  1. Dette er en uoffisiell Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) nybegynnerguide og har ingenting med Ubuntu eller Canonical Ltd å gjøre.
  2. Denne guiden kan diskuteres i det offisielle UbuntuGuide.org-forumet på ubuntuforums.org. Kom innom og bli med å diskuter.
  3. Denne guiden er testet på en full installasjon av Ubuntu 6.06 x86 Innstall CD (Dapper Drake).
  4. Hvis du ser en blåaktig boks, betyr det at du må kjøre kommandoene i en terminal (Programmer -> System -> Terminal) eller bruke innholdet i boksen som nevnt i andre instruksjoner på denne siden.
  5. For å redusere skrivefeil, kan du kopiere og lime inn kommandoene i en terminal (høyreklikk og klikk på "kopier" eller "lim inn". Du kan også bruke Ctrl+C for å kopiere og Shift+Insert for å lime inn, eller bare marker for å kopiere og klikk på den midterste museknappen for å lime inn).
  6. sudo eller gksudo betyr superuser do. sudo vil be deg om å skrive inn passordet ditt. Vennligst skriv inn ditt passord.
  7. Hvis du ønsker mer informasjon om en kommando, bare slå den opp i manualsidene gjennom kommandoen: man kommando. man sudo vil for eksempel vise manualsiden for sudokommandoen.
  8. Hvis du er lei av å skrive apt-get hele tiden, les #How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic).
  9. apt-get og wget krever en Internettilkobling for å installere/oppdatere/laste ned programmer.
  10. For å laste ned en fil, høyreklikk på linken -> Velg "Lagre link som..." -> Sørg for at filnavnet og filtypen er riktig
  11. Hvis du øsnker å hjelpe til med å oversette Ubuntu til ditt morsmål eller hjelpe Ubuntu på andre måter, besøk: https://launchpad.net/
  12. Må ubuntuånden være med deg alltid...


Hvis du bruker Kubuntu, behøver du ikke å installere gedit lengre, fordi det er en symbolsk link fra gedit til kate, så du kan bruke alle kommandoene under uten problemer. Ellers, dersom du ønsker å bruke gedit som ditt tekstredigeringsverktøy allikevel, kjør følgende kommando i en terminal: 
sudo apt-get install gedit
Hvis "gedit" kommandoen eller (den sombolske linken) ikke virker, kan du også lage den: 
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/kate /usr/bin/gedit
Hvis du bruker en 64-bit versjon, bytt ut alle "i386" med "amd64"
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Komme igang

[edit]

Hva er Ubuntu?

  • http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu


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Hvor kan jeg finne skjermbilder/video fra Ubuntu?

  • debianadmin.com/ubuntu-704feisty-fawn-screenshots-tour.html
  • Ubuntuclips.org
  • ubuntuvideo.com/
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Hvor kan jeg se Kubuntu skjermbilder?

  • http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slideshow.php?release=662&slide=4&title=kubuntu+6.06+screenshots
  • http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=320&num=1
  • http://www.debianadmin.com/kubuntu-606-lts-desktop-screenshots.html
Videos

http://osvids.com/files/page3-108-pop.html

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Hvor kan jeg finne en liste over alle programmene og bibliotekene som kommer med Ubuntu?

  • Resultatet av dpkg -l: her
  • http://packages.ubuntu.com/dapper
  • http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu
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Hvor kan jeg laste ned Ubuntu?

  • http://releases.ubuntu.com/6.06/
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Hvor kan jeg bestille UbuntuCDer helt GRATIS?

  • https://shipit.ubuntu.com

Vennligst merk at CDene kan bruke fire til seks uker på leveransen. Du blir oppfordret til å kopiere, redigere, og redistribuere diskene så my som mulig.

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Hvor kan jeg finne hjelp for Ubuntu?

  • Se: System -> Hjelp -> Systemdokumentasjon
  • Offisiell Dokumentasjonwebside
  • Offisiell Brukerdokumentasjon (wiki)
  • Ubuntu dokumentlager
  • Epostlister
  • Forum
  • IRC kanal
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Hvor finner jeg nye programmer?

  • http://gnomefiles.org/
  • http://kde-apps.org/
  • http://freshmeat.net
  • http://sourceforge.net/
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Hvor finner jeg nye stiler og temaer for skrivebordet?

  • http://gnome-look.org/
  • http://kde-look.org/
  • http://art.gnome.org/
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Reservoar

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Hvordan legger man til ekstra reservoar? 

sudo cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Bytt ut alt med følgende linjer
Denne listen er forandret iforhold til den engelske listen, ved at den bruker norske servere. Dette kan du se ved at det står "no." forran archive.ubuntu.com (no = landskoden for Norge) 
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://no.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted
## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://no.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
deb http://no.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty universe
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://no.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty multiverse
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://no.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://no.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse


  • Lagre den redigerte filen. 
sudo apt-get update
  • Du kan også generere din egen sources.list og finne andre reservoar på: http://www.ubuntulinux.nl/source-o-matic
  • Du kan også bytte ut din sources.list med denne veldig komplette listen: sources.list (sørg for å bytte ut "it" fra "it.archive.ubuntu.com" med "no") Bruk på eget ansvar.
  • Forandre den opprinnelige sources.list bare hvis du forstår hva du gjør. Å blande reservoar kan føre til brukne avhengigheter/versjons- og kompatibilitetsproblemer.
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Ubuntu Oppdateringer

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Hvordan oppdatere Ubuntu manuellt?


Bruk Oppdateringshåndtereren: System -> Administrasjon -> Oppdaterings Håndterer


ELLER 

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade


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Automatisk installasjon av programmer

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Add/Remove Programs

Bruk av Legg til/fjern funksjon er den letteste vei å installere programmer i (X,K)ubuntu uten å skade (X,K)ubuntu.

  • Trykk på Programmer menyen og velg "Legg til/fjern...".
  • Søk etter kva sort program du ser etter: f.eks.: skriv MP3 og du får ei liste over MP3 programmer.
  • Kryss av for det programmet(a) du velger.
  • For å gjennomføre installasjonen trykk "bruk".
  • Som vil vise en liste over programmer du vil installer. Trykk så "OK".
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Hvordan installerer jeg Automatix på Ubuntu, Kubuntu, og Xubuntu?

  • Les #Generelle merknader
  • Automatix er et grafisk grensesnitt for å automatisere installasjonen av de mest brukte og oftest etterspurte programmene i Ubuntu/Kubuntu/Xubuntu linux.
  • Merk: Før du installerer, vennligst merk at noen av kodekene som automatix tilbyr, kan være ulovlige i noen land. Du er ansvarlig for å følge de lovene. Automatix kan erstatte Easy Ubuntu fullstendig.


  • Last ned denne pakken(ver obs på at du får den siste pakken her fra:
  • http://www.getautomatix.com/apt/dists/feisty/main/binary-i386/automatix2_1.1-4.3-7.04feisty_i386.deb
  • kjør deb filen når nedlasting er ferdig enten med gui eller med den kommandoen: 
sudo dpkg -i automatix2_1.1-4.3-7.04feisty_i386.deb


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alternativ metode med hjelp av apt

  • Første steg: 
echo "deb http://www.getautomatix.com/apt feisty main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Steg 2: 
wget http://www.getautomatix.com/keys/automatix2.key
  • Steg 3: 
gpg --import automatix2.key
  • Steg 4 
gpg --export --armor E23C5FC3 | sudo apt-key add -
  • Steg 5 
sudo apt-get update
  • steg 6 
sudo apt-get install automatix2
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Tilleggsapplikasjoner

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Utklippstavlen for GNOME 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2 -C /usr/bin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo gnome-clipboard-daemon &
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • Legg til følgende linje til slutten av filen 
@reboot gnome-clipboard-daemon
  • Lagre den redigerte filen
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg J2SE Java miljø (JRE) med programtillegg for Mozilla Firefox? 

sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jre sun-java5-plugin
  • Når du blir spurt, godta DLJ lisensen.
  • For å konfigurere J2SE som standard JVM (som er nødvendig for programmer som Frostwire, RSSOwl og for programtillegget til Mozilla Firefox): 
sudo update-alternatives --config java

Velg det valget som passer med J2SE.

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg JRE v5.0 oppdatering 8?

  • Last ned "Linux (selvutpakkende)" fra http://java.com/en/download/manual.jsp
  • Kopier den til /usr/java/ 
sudo chmod a+x jre-1_5_0_08-linux-i586.bin
sudo ./jre-1_5_0_08-linux-i586.bin
cd /usr/lib/firefox/plugins
ln -s /usr/java/jre1.5.0_08/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so
cd /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins
ln -s /usr/java/jre1.5.0_08/plugin/i386/ns7/libjavaplugin_oji.so
  • Start Mozilla Firefox på nytt
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Macromedia Flash Player programtillegg for Mozilla Firefox? 

sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
sudo update-flashplugin
  • Start Mozilla Firefox på nytt.

Merk: Hvis lyden ikke virker i Flash Player, for eksempel på YouTube: 

sudo apt-get install alsa-oss
gksudo gedit /etc/firefox/firefoxrc

Forandre: 

FIREFOX_DSP=""

Til: 

FIREFOX_DSP="aoss"
  • Start Mozilla Firefox på nytt. Nå skal lyden virke i Flash Player.
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Adobe PDF Reader med programtillegg for Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install acroread mozilla-acroread acroread-plugins

Merk: Adobe Reader 7.0 kjører ikke hvis SCIM kjører. Du kjører SCIM hvis du har installert et annet Ubuntu språk gjennom System -> Administrasjon -> Språk støtte. For å omgå dette, gjør følgende 

gksudo gedit /usr/bin/acroread

Forandre: 

#!/bin/sh
#

til: 

#!/bin/sh
#
GTK_IM_MODULE=xim

Lagre filen. Nå skal Adobe Reader 7.0 virke.

Se også:

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Nedlastingshåndterer for X? 

sudo apt-get install d4x
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg en passordhåndterer (Revelation)? 

sudo apt-get install revelation
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Hvordan installerer jeg FTP Klient (gFTP) 

sudo apt-get install gftp
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg IRC Klient (XChat) 

sudo apt-get install xchat xchat-systray
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg fildelingsprogrammet (DC++)? 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/linuxdcpp.tar.gz 
sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /opt
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dcpp.desktop
  • Sett inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=DC++
Exec=/opt/linuxdcpp/ldcpp
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true
Icon=/opt/linuxdcpp/pixmaps/linuxdcpp.svg
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Lagre den redigerte filen
  • Programmer -> Internet -> DC++
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg P2P BitTorrent klienten (Azureus)? 

sudo apt-get install azureus
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Azureus
  • (Alternativ metode) Metoden over installerer en versjon av Azureus kompilert med gcj, de frie alternativet til Sun Java. 
wget http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/azureus/Azureus_2.5.0.0_linux.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf Azurues_2.5.0.0_linux.tar.bz2 -C /opt/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/azureus.desktop
  • Legg til følgende til den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry] 
Name=Azureus
Comment=A Bittorrent client
Exec=/opt/azureus/azureus
Icon=/opt/azureus/Azureus.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Lagre den redigerte filen
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Azureus
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg P2P BitTorrent klienten (Bittornado)? 

sudo apt-get install bittornado
sudo apt-get install bittornado-gui
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Bittornado klient
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg P2P eMule klienten (aMule)? 

sudo apt-get install amule
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg P2P Gnutella klienten (FrostWire)? 

wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
sudo dpkg -i FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
  • Programmer -> Internet -> FrostWire
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg meldingsprogrammet (Skype)? 

gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Legg til følgende linjer på slutten av filen 
## Reservoar for Skype
deb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian/ stable non-free
  • Lagre den redigerte filen 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install skype
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Skype
  • For Skype 1.3 Beta: 
wget -c http://download.skype.com/linux/skype-beta-1.3.0.37-1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i skype-beta-1.3.0.37-1_i386.deb
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Skype
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg WinPopup (LinPopUp)? 

sudo apt-get install linpopup
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=LinPopUp
Comment=LinPopUp
Exec=linpopup
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Utility;
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Multimedia Kodeker?

Stubby Alle kjente kodeker virker, bortsett fra wmv 

sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-gl gstreamer0.10-plugins-base \
gstreamer0.10-plugins-good gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse \
gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse w32codecs
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg DVD avspillingsmuligheter?

ironss: gstreamer dvd programtillegg er tilgjengelig som en del av plugins-bad (eller ugly?) og virker ikke stabilt. Totem virker allikevel med xine som støtte til å spille av DVDer. Dette vil holde til gstreamer selv er i stand til å spille av DVDer. Mark at du ikke trenger å installerer xine-ui eller mplayer, som blir foreslått i 

sudo apt-get install libdvdread3 
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.sh
sudo apt-get install totem-xine

Stubby: gstreamer dvd programtillegg er ikke portert til dapper ennå. Det vil ikke fungere tilstrekkelig om du følger instruksene 

sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Multimediespilleren (xine-ui)? 

sudo apt-get install xine-ui libxine-extracodecs
  • Assossier xine-ui med multimediefiler 
gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/autoplay_dvd_command "xine dvd://"
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applnk/Multimedia/xine.desktop
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/xine/desktop/xine.desktop /usr/share/applications/
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo sed -e 's/totem.desktop/xine.desktop/g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg multimedieavspilleren (VLC) med programtillegg for Mozilla Firefox? 

sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-* mozilla-plugin-vlc
  • For å streame video via VLC trenger du også å installere følgende pakker: 
apt-get install avahi-daemon
apt-get install avahi-utils
Programmer -> Lyd og Video -> VLC Media Player
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg multimedieavspilleren (Mplayer) med programtillegg for Mozilla Firefox? 

sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer
Programmer -> Lyd og Video -> MPlayer Filmavspiller
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg multimedieavspilleren (Totem) med programtillegg for Mozilla Firefox? 

sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin
  • Lukk og start Mozilla Firefox på nytt
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg multimediaspilleren (XMMS)? 

sudo apt-get install xmms xmms-skins
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
  • Assossier XMMS med MP3/M3U/WAV filer 
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /tmp/defaults.list_tmp
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/mpeg=.*/audio\/mpeg=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.list_tmp > /tmp/defaults.mp3
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-mpegurl=.*/audio\/x-mpegurl=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.mp3 > /tmp/defaults.m3u
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-wav=.*/audio\/x-wav=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.m3u > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo rm -f /tmp/defaults.*
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg multimedieavspilleren (amaroK)? 

sudo apt-get install amarok
  • Programmer -> Lyd & Video -> amaroK
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg multimedieavspilleren (RealPlayer 10)? 

sudo apt-get install realplay
Merk: 'realplay' installerer RealPlayer 10 fra PLF reservoaret, som burde bruke hvis du fulgte denne guiden. 'realplayer' installerer RealPlayer 8 fra multiverse.
  • Programmer -> Lyd & Video -> RealPlayer 10
  • Dette vil også installere nødvendige programtillegg for å vise Realmedia i Firefox automatisk
  • For å unngå problemer med blinkende skjerm eller at skjermen blir blank når du bytter vinduer, gå til:
  • RealPlayer 10 -> Tools -> Preferences -> Hardware -> Fjern haken for XVideo
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Stream katalogutforskeren (streamtuner)? 

sudo apt-get install streamtuner
sudo apt-get install streamripper
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Musikk organistatoren (Cowbell)? 

sudo apt-get install cowbell
  • Programmer -> Lyd & Video -> Cowbell Musikkorganisator
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg ID3 redigereren (EasyTAG)? 

sudo apt-get install easytag
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Videoredigereren (Kino)? 

sudo apt-get install kino
sudo apt-get install kinoplus
sudo apt-get install kino-timfx
sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Lydredigereren (Audacity)? 

sudo apt-get install audacity
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Musikkorganisatoren og -avspilleren (Banshee)? 

sudo apt-get install banshee
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg DVD ripperen (dvd::rip)? 

sudo apt-get install dvdrip vcdimager cdrdao subtitleripper
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen: 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=dvd::rip 
Comment=dvd::rip
Exec=dvdrip
Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg DVD ripperen (AcidRip)? 

sudo apt-get install acidrip

Merk: AcidRip vil ikke kjenne igjen dvder hvis dma er påslått. I så tilfelle, gjør om #Hvordan øker jeg hastigheten på CD/DVD-rommen?.

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg CD ripperen (Goobox)? 

sudo apt-get install goobox
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen: 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=CD Player & Ripper
Comment=Play and extract CDs
Exec=goobox
Icon=goobox.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Bildeviseren (digiKam)? 

sudo apt-get install digikam digikamimageplugins kipi-plugins
  • Programmer -> Grafikk -> digikam
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Picasa bildeorganisering? 

gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Legg inn følgende linjer på slutten av filen: 
# Reservoar for Google Picasa for Linux
deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free
  • Lagre den redigerte filen 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install picasa
  • Programmer -> Grafikk -> Picasa
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Vektor grafikkredigering (Inkscape)? 

sudo apt-get install inkscape


Alternativ installasjonmetode: 

1. Last ned official Inkscape Linux installer.
2. Velg en server og lagre det til skrivebordet ditt.
3. Høyreklikk den, Velg "Egenskaper --> Tilgang --> Eier:Kjørbar" og lukk dialogboksen. (Engangsprosedyre)
4. Dobbelklikk den og følg instruksjoene.
5. Installer støttekoden systemvidt, dersom du har root-passordet. (Engangsprosedyre)

MERK: Du kan og burde installere programmet som en bruker, heller enn root. Dette er lett å gjøre gjennom den alternative metoden.

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Opera nettleseren? 

sudo apt-get install opera
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Opera
  • For å få java til å virke, gå til Verktøy->Egenskaper->Avansert->Innhold->Velg "Bruk Java". Klikk på "Bruk Java..." knappen og skriv inn "/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/jre/lib/i386" (for sun sin java versjon) i det nye vinduet og klikk "Valider Java Sti"-knappen.
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Epostleseren (Mozilla Thunderbird)? 

sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Nyhetsleseren (Pan)? 

sudo apt-get install pan
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Pan Nyhetsleser
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg RSS/RDF/Atom Nyhetsleseren (RSSOwl)? 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
gksudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
./run.sh
  • Lagre den redigerte filen 
sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RSSOwl
Comment=RSSOwl
Exec=runRSSOwl.sh
Icon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Lagre den redigerte filen
  • Programmer -> Internet -> RSSOwl
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Web Authoriseringssystemet (Nvu) 

sudo apt-get install nvu
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nvu
Comment=Web Development Editor
Exec=nvu
Icon=nvu.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Development;
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Webutviklings verktøyet (quanta plus)? 

sudo apt-get install quanta
  • Programmer -> Utvikling -> Quanta Plus
  • Applications -> Development -> Quanta Plus
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Prosjektplanleggeren (Planner)? 

sudo apt-get install planner


[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg jedit? 

wget -c http://optusnet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/jedit/jedit_4.3pre6_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i jedit_4.3pre6_all.deb
  • Programmer -> Utvikling -> jedit
  • Applications -> Development -> jedit
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Regnskapsprogrammet (GnuCash)? 

sudo apt-get install gnucash
sudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linje i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=GnuCash
Comment=GnuCash Personal Finance
Exec=gnucash
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Office;
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Skrivebordspubliseringsprogrammet (Scribus)? 

sudo apt-get install scribus
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Diagramredigering (Dia)? 

sudo apt-get install dia-gnome
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Kompilert HTML hjelp (CHM) Leser (xCHM)? 

sudo apt-get install xchm
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg CD/DVD brenneprogrammet (GnomeBaker)? 

sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg CD/DVD brenneprogrammet (K3b)? 

sudo apt-get install k3b libk3b2-mp3
  • Programmer -> Lyd & Video -> K3b
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg PPP oppkoblingsklienten (GNOME PPP)? 

sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg bredbånd ADSL/PPPoE klienten (RP-PPPoE)? 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RP-PPPoE
Comment=RP-PPPoE
Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui
Icon=pppoeconf.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Oppstartshåndtereren (BUM)? 

sudo apt-get install bum
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Partisjonsredigering (GParted)? 

sudo apt-get install gparted
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg brannmur (Firestarter)? 

sudo apt-get install firestarter
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg nettverksanalysering (Ethereal)? 

sudo apt-get install ethereal
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Ethereal
  • Applications -> Internet -> Ethereal
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg sårbarhets skanneren (Nessus)? 

sudo apt-get install nessus
sudo apt-get install nessusd
sudo nessus-adduser
sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nessus
Comment=Nessus
Exec=nessus
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg RAR? 

sudo apt-get install rar
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
  • Programmer -> Tilbehør -> Arkivering
  • Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg ekstra skrifttyper? 

sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic
sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
sudo fc-cache -f -v
MERK: Ubuntu Dapper kommer med DejaVu skrifter (som stammer fra Bitstream Vera) og gir tilstrekkelig støtte for Latinsk, Gresk and Epikuransk baserte språk.
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Kinesisk inndata metoden (SCIM)?

Følgende tips er utdater og kan være vanskelig å fjerne etterpå. Vennligst følg den offisielle Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake guiden HER

Vennligs merk at scim er nå tilgjengelig som standard i Dapper. Å installere Kinesisk, Japansk eller Koreansk støtte er gjort gjennom System>Administrasjon>Språk Støtte (System>Administration>Language Support). Ubuntuwikien går gjennom detaljene mer grundig 

sudo apt-get install scim
sudo apt-get install scim-chinese
sudo apt-get install scim-config-socket
sudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodule
sudo apt-get install scim-tables-zh
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/ 
sudo fc-cache -f -v
  • System -> Egenskaper -> SCIM inndata oppsett
  • System -> Preferences -> SCIM Input Method Setup
  • For å aktivere SCIM 
Trykk 'Ctrl + Space'
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg skrivebordsapplikasjoner (gDesklets)? 

sudo apt-get install gdesklets
sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg grunnleggende kompileringsverktøy (build-essential)? 

sudo apt-get install build-essential
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg .rpm til .deb koverter (Alien)? 

sudo apt-get install alien
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Uviklingsmiljøet (Anjunta)? 

sudo apt-get install anjuta
  • Programmer -> Uvikling -> Anjunta IDE
  • Applications -> Development -> Anjuta IDE
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg C# Integrert Utviklings Miljø (MonoDevelop)? 

sudo apt-get install mono mono-gmcs mono-gac mono-utils monodevelop
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Java Integrert Utviklingsmiljø (Eclipse)? 

sudo apt-get install eclipse
  • Programmer -> Uvikling -> Eclipse
  • Applications -> Development -> Eclipse
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg 3D modelleringsverktøyer (Blender 3D)? 

sudo apt-get install blender
  • Programmer -> Grafikk -> Blender 3D modellering
  • Applications -> Graphics -> Blender 3D modeller
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg spillet Tuxracer? 

sudo apt-get install planetpenguin-racer planetpenguin-racer-data planetpenguin-racer-extras
  • Programmer -> Spill -> planetpenguin-racer
  • Applications -> Games -> planetpenguin-racer
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg spillet Frozen-Bubble? 

sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
  • Programmer -> Spill -> Frozen-Bubble
  • Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg spillet Scorched3D? 

sudo apt-get install scorched3d
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Scorched 3D
Comment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched Earth
Exec=scorched3d
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg det virtuelle planetariet (Stellarium)? 

sudo apt-get install stellarium
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Stellarium
Comment=Virtual planetarium
Exec=stellarium
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Education;
Icon=stellarium
  • Programmer -> Utdanning -> Stellarium
  • Applications -> Education -> Stellarium

Alternativ installasjonsmetode: (version 0.6.2) 

1. Last ned Stellarium Linux installer.
2. Lagre den til skrivebordet ditt.
3. Høyreklikk den nedlastede filen, velg "Egenskaper --> Tilgang --> Eier:Kjørbar" og lukk vinduet. (Engangsprosedyre)
4. Dobbelklikk pakken og følg instruksjonene.
5. Installer støtte koden systemvidt dersom du har root passordet. (Engangsprosedyre)

MERK: Du kan og burde installere programmet som en bruker, isteden for root. Dette kan du lett gjøre med den alternative metoden.

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Google verktøybaren for Firefox?

Den nyeste versjonen av Google verktøybar virker fint med Firefox 1.5.0.5 i Ubuntu 6.06

Bruk Firefox og klikk på linken under

http://www.google.com/tools/firefox/toolbar/

så klikker du på den store "download" knappen.

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Google Earth? 

wget -c http://dl.google.com/earth/GE4/GoogleEarthLinux.bin
sudo sh GoogleEarthLinux.bin
  • La /usr/local/google-earth være installsjonskatalogen
  • Etter installasjonen klikker du Exit. Hvis du istedet velger å kjøre programmet, les merknaden under. 
sudo cp /usr/local/google-earth/googleearth.desktop /usr/share/applications/
  • Programmer -> Internet -> Google Earth
  • Applications -> Internet -> Google Earth
  • MERK: Hvis du kjører Google Earth for første gang fra installasjonsprogrammet, vil det kreve root privilegier for å kjøre neste gang. Det kan fikses slik, fra en terminal: 
sudo chmod 777 -R ~/.googleearth
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg KDE Læringspill? 

sudo apt-get install kdeedu
  • Programmer -> Læring -> ...
  • Applications -> Education -> ...
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Internet Explorer og Flash 9?

Dette vil installere en wine versjon av Internet Explorer 6 med Flash 9, samt IE 5.5/5.01 hvis du vil ha de.

  • MERK: Flash 9 vil ikke bli tilgjengelig i andre nettlesere enn IE.
  • Åpne en terminal og kjør følgende: 
wget http://www.tatanka.com.br/ies4linux/downloads/ies4linux-2.0.tar.gz -O - | tar xvzf -
  • Eller, hvis det ikke virker, bruk denne kommandoen: 
wget http://modzer0.cs.uaf.edu/~hardwarehank/files/ies4linux-2.0.tar.gz -O - | tar xvzf -
  • Så er det bare å kjøre det: 
cd ies4linux-2.0
sh ies4linux

Du trenger ikke å kjøre det som root (ikke sudo). Hvis du gjør det, vil det lage globale symbolske linker, som er fint hvis vil ha de. Hvis du ikke bruker root, vil det bruke ~/bin. Les README filen: 

less README
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Windows programmer i Linux (Wine)?

Det fulle navnet til Wine er "Wine Is Not an Emulator." Wine er en åpen kildekode-implementasjon av Windows API'en over X og Unix. Tenk på Wine som et kompatibilitetslag for å kjøre Windows programmer. Wine krever ikke Microsoft Windows, siden det er en helt fri alternativ implementasjon av Windows API'en, bestående av 100% ikke-Microsoft kode. Wine kan allikevel konfigureres til å bruke orginale Windows DLL'er, hvis de er tilgjengelige.

Med andre ord, Wine vil la deg kjøre Windows programmer under Linux.

  • Først, legg til et reservoar for Wine: 
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Legg til følgende linjer på slutten av denne filen 
# Reservoar for wine
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt dapper main
deb-src http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt dapper main
  • Lagre den redigerte filen 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install wine
  • For mer informasjon, se: http://www.winehq.com/
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg en nedtrekksterminal, som i førstepersons skytespill (tilda)?

Ønsker du en konsoll, som i førstepersons skytespill? Tilda skulle være det du leter etter. 

sudo apt-get install tilda
  • Man trykker som standard på F1 for å bruke tilda. For å forandre standard knappen, skriver du enten tilda -C i en terminal, eller høyreklikker på tilda-terminalen og velger Egenskaper. Der kan du forandre ting som gjennomsiktighet, skrift, skriftstørrelse og vindusstørrelse.
[edit]

Andre Skrivebordsmiljø

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg KDE? 

sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
MERK: Denne installasjonen vil kreve omtrent 400MB diskplass
  • System -> Logg Ut -> Logg Ut
  • For å logge inn i KDE, klikk på Sesjoner og velg KDE
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg XFCE? 

sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
  • System -> Logg Ut -> Logg Ut
  • For å logge inn i XFCE, klikk på Sesjoner og velg XFCE


[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg XFCE 4.4 testversjoner (4.3.90.1)

  • for å installere Xfce 4.4 beta 1 (4.3.90.1) på en fersk installasjon av Dapper:
  • last ned Xfce 4.4 testversjons-installasjonsprogrammet (se http://www.xfce.org) 
sudo apt-get install build-essential gcc pkg-config libglib2.0-0 \
     libglib2.0-dev libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-dev libxml++2.6c2a libxml++2.6-dev \
     libvte-dev libvte4 a2ps libxpm-dev libxpm4 alsa-source alsa alsa-base \
     alsa-oss alsa-utils libxml-parser-perl libpng12-0 libpng12-dev libdbh1.0-dev

chmod +x xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
sudo ./xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
  • I innstallasjonsprogrammet bruker du standard instillinger, untatt:
    Extensive Optimizations, kan slås på for 386
    Use ALSA for the Xfce Mixer, kan slåes av
    (se http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?t=4697&)
  • Tilslutt, for å bruke Xfce, kan det hende at du må gjøre det tilgjengelig for skrivebordshåndtereren, marker allow Xfce manage desktop)
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg FluxBox

Her er noen skjermbilder. Fluxbox er en populær minimalistisk vindushåndterer. 

sudo apt-get install fluxbox
[edit]
La det starte når du logger inn gjennom GDM 
echo "exec startfluxbox" > ~/.xinitrc
[edit]
La det lage den pene lyden når du logger inn 
sudo apt-get install sox
gedit ~/.fluxbox/startup
  • Finn denne linjen: 
exec /usr/local/bin/fluxbox
  • Putt den følgede linjen forran over exec /usr/local/bin/fluxbox: 
play /usr/share/sounds/login.wav > /dev/null 2>&1 &
  • Lytt og vær glad.
[edit]

Estetikk

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Xgl/Compiz (Nvidia)?

  • For komplett info om hvordan man setter opp XGL på forskjellige kort og noen kniper, se: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=148351 



sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Finn denne delen 
Section "Module"
	Load	"i2c"
	Load	"bitmap"
	...
	Load	"type1"
	Load	"vbe"
EndSection
  • Kommenter ut dri og GLcore (hvis det er der) 
#	Load	"dri"
#	Load	"GLcore"
  • Sørg for at glx modulen lastes 
	Load	"glx"
  • Finn denne delen (dine verdier kan variere fra dette) 
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
	Driver		"nv"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection
  • Bytt ut med følgende linjer. La Identifier og BusID være som det var: 
Section "Device"
	...
	Driver		"nvidia"
	...
	Option		"RenderAccel"		"true"
	Option		"AllowGLXWithComposite" "true"
EndSection
  • Finn denne delen 
Section "Screen"
	Identifier	"Default Screen"
	Device		"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
	Monitor		"Generic Monitor"
	DefaultDepth	16
  • Sørg for at DefaultDepth er satt til 24, hvis det ikke er det allerede 
	DefaultDepth	24
  • Lagre den redigerte filen
  • Installer Xgl/Compiz 
sudo apt-get install compiz xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 compiz-gnome
sudo cp /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom-backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom
  • Bytt ut alt med følgende: 
# GDM Configuration Customization file.
#
# This file is the appropriate place for specifying your customizations to the
# GDM configuration.   If you run gdmsetup, it will automatically edit this
# file for you and will cause the daemon and any running GDM GUI programs to
# automatically update with the new configuration.  Not all configuration
# options are supported by gdmsetup, so to modify some values it may be
# necessary to modify this file directly by hand.
# 
# To hand-edit this file, simply add or modify the key=value combination in
# the appropriate section in the template below.  Refer to the comments in the
# gdm.conf file for information about each option.  Also refer to the reference
# documentation.
# 
# If you hand edit a GDM configuration file, you should run the following
# command to get the GDM daemon to notice the change.  Any running GDM GUI
# programs will also be notified to update with the new configuration.
#
# gdmflexiserver --command="UPDATE_CONFIG <configuration key>"
#
# For example, the "Enable" key in the "[debug]" section would be specified by
# "debug/Enable".
#
# You can also run gdm-restart or gdm-safe-restart to cause GDM to restart and
# re-read the new configuration settings.  You can also restart GDM by sending
# a HUP or USR1 signal to the daemon.  HUP behaves like gdm-restart and causes
# any user session started by GDM to exit immediately while USR1 behaves like
# gdm-safe-restart and will wait until all users log out before restarting GDM.
# 
# For full reference documentation see the gnome help browser under
# GNOME|System category.  You can also find the docs in HTML form on
# http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm/
# 
# NOTE: Lines that begin with "#" are considered comments.
# 
# Have fun!
[daemon]
[security]
[xdmcp]
[gui]
[greeter]
[chooser]
[debug]
[servers]# Override display 1 to use Xgl
0=Xgl 
[server-Xgl] 
name=Xgl server 
command=/usr/bin/Xgl :0 -fullscreen -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:fbo 
flexible=true
  • Lag et skript som kjører Xgl/Compiz under oppstarten 
gksudo gedit /usr/bin/thefuture
  • Legg inn følgende linjer i den nye filen. Bytt ut .no med landskoden for ditt tastatur. F.eks .gb for England. For en full liste av tastaturbindinger, skriv ls /usr/share/xmodmap i en terminal. Hvis du er usikker, la det være som .no (Norge) 
#!/bin/bash
gnome-window-decorator &  compiz --replace gconf decoration wobbly fade minimize cube rotate zoom scale move resize place switcher &
xmodmap /usr/share/xmodmap/xmodmap.no
  • Lagre filen 
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/thefuture
  • For å kjøre compiz for denne sesjonen 
thefuture
  • For å laste compiz under oppstarten
    • System -> Egenskaper -> Sesjoner
      • Oppstartsprogrammer -> Legg til
    • System -> Preferences -> Sessions
      • Startup Programs -> Add 
/usr/bin/thefuture
  • Feilsøking
    • Hvis Xgl/Compiz ikke virker, eller du får feilmeldinger, start maskinen din på nytt etter å ha lagt til "thefuture" til oppstartsprogrammene.
    • Hvis det treger ned systemet å flytte vinduer, kjør gconf-editor fra en terminal. Finn app/compiz/general/screen0/options. Fjern detect_refresh_rate og sett oppdateringsfrekvens/"refresh rate" til 60. Alt burde virke fint nå...
    • Hvis du bruker et ikke standard tastaturoppsett (annet språk), må du kanskje forandre det tilbake til det du trenger, hvis tastaturer oppfører seg rart. System/Instillinger/Tastatur eller System/Settings/Keyboard.
    • Du kan også sette superknapp/"Super-key" til vindusknappen her.
    • Hvis du ikke vil ha underpanelet, skriv "killall gnome-panel" i en terminal.
  • Tips
    • Bytt vinduer = Alt + Tab
    • Arranger og se alle vinduer = F12 skrur på eller av; klikke på et vindu vil zoome det in til fronten
    • Bytt skrivebord med kuben = Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Bytt skrivebord med kuben - med påfølgende aktive vinduer = Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Roter kuben manuellt = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Gjør vinduet gjennomsiktig = for øyebilkket bare mulig med verktøyet "transset"
    • Zoom-inn en gang = Superknapp og høyreklikk
    • Zoom-inn manuellt = Superknapp + musehjulet opp
    • Zoom-ut manuellt = Superknapp + musehjulet ned
    • Flytt vindu = Alt + venstreklikk
    • Hurtigflytt vindu (vil lime seg til kantene) = Ctrl + Alt + venstreklikk
    • Gi vinduet ny størrelse = Alt + høyreklikk
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Xgl/Compiz (ATI)?

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg et alternativt bilde i oppstarten?

  • Les #Generelle merknader
  • Dette installerer et minimalistisk bilde som vises under oppstarten av maskinen og når du slår den av. Alle tekstmeldinger er fjernet. 
wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/usplash-minimalistic_0.1.deb
sudo dpkg -i usplash-minimalistic_0.1.deb
sudo update-alternatives --config usplash-artwork.so
  • Velg det minimalistiske alternativet (/usr/local/lib/usplash/minimalastic.so) ved å skrive det korresponderende nummeret. Hvis du noen gang skulle ønske å gå tilbake til det orginale oppstartsbildet, velg standarden (/usr/lib/usplash/usplash-default.so)
  • Restart maskinen for å se effektene
  • Se den offisielle USplash Customization HOWTO for flere tilpasninger.
[edit]

Kommersielle Programmer

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP? (Win4Lin)

  • http://www.win4lin.com
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Windowsprogrammer? (CrossOver Office)

  • http://www.codeweavers.com
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Windowsspill? (Cedega)

  • http://www.transgaming.com
[edit]

Brukeradministrasjon

[edit]

Hvordan sette/endre/aktivere passord til rotbruker 

sudo passwd root
[edit]

Hvordan deaktivere rotbrukerkontoen 

sudo passwd -l root
[edit]

Hvordan tillate rotbrukeren å logge inn i GNOME 

Security Tab -> Security -> Allow root to login with GDM (Checked)
[edit]

Hvordan bytte til rotbruker i konsollmodus 

sudo -s -H
Password: <specify user password>
[edit]

Hvordan legge til/redigere/slette systembrukere 

Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete
eller 
sudo useradd jim
sudo userdel jim
  • For mer informasjon, les 
man usermod
[edit]

Hvordan legge til/redigere/slette systemgrupper 

Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete
[edit]

Hvordan logge automatisk inn i GNOME (usikkert) 

Security Tab -> Enable Automatic Login (Checked)
Velg en bruker fra nedtrekkslisten.
[edit]

Hvordan tillate sudo for flere brukere 

EDITOR=gedit sudo visudo
  • Legg til følgende linje på slutten av filen 
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
  • Lagre den redigerte filen

ELLER siden alle i admin-gruppen kan bruke sudo: 

sudo adduser et_brukernavn admin

Dette legger til admin-gruppen i brukerens gruppeliste. De har nå sudo-tilgang.

[edit]

Hvordan bruke "sudo" uten å måtte oppgi passord (usikkert) 

EDITOR=gedit sudo visudo
  • Finn denne linjen 
...
system_brukernavn	ALL=(ALL) ALL
...
  • Bytt med følgende linje 
system_brukernavn	ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
  • Lagre filen
[edit]

Hvordan avslutte "sudo"-økt 

sudo -K
[edit]

Hvordan endre rettigheter på filer/mapper 

Høyreklikk på filer/mapper -> Properties

Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)
[edit]

Hvordan endre eierskap på filer/mapper 

sudo chown system_brukernavn /plassering_av_filer_eller_mapper
[edit]

Hvordan endre gruppeeierskap på filer/mapper 

sudo chgrp system_gruppenavn /plassering_av_filer_eller_mapper
[edit]

maskinvare

[edit]

Activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox

Just add two lines to xorg.conf will activate side-mouse-buttons in FireFox. This should work with most 5-button mouse. Here is a list of mice that worked with this instruction.

  • Logitech MX510
  • Logitech MX518
  • Logitech MX700
  • Intellimouse Explorer (first edition)


Backup Gnome configuration file 

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.bak

Modify the Gnome configuration file 

gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Find the Input Device section for your mouse and add two lines as shown below. You may also increase the number of buttons if your mouse has more than 7, just fix the rest of the section based upon the number of buttons (remember back/forward, wheel click & tilt left/right all count as buttons)

Change: 

Section "InputDevice"
	Identifier "Configured Mouse"
	Driver "mouse"
	Option "CorePointer"
	...
	Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
	...
	Option "Emulate3Buttons"       "true"
EndSection

to: 

Section "InputDevice"
	Identifier "Configured Mouse"
	Driver "mouse"
	Option "CorePointer"
	...
	Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
	...
	Option "Emulate3Buttons"       "true"
	Option "Buttons" "7"
 	Option "ButtonMapping" "1 2 3 6 7"
EndSection


At this point you can reboot your computer or reboot Gnome (Ctrl-Alt-BackSpace) to see if your forward/back buttons work in FireFox. They still won't work in Nautilus yet until you install the imwheel dameon.

[edit]

Install & Configure IMWheel

  • Install IMWheel 
sudo apt-get install imwheel
  • Modify IMWheel configuration file 
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/imwheel/imwheelrc
  • Insert the following at the bottom of this existing file 
".*"
None, Up, Alt_L|Left
None, Down, Alt_L|Right 
"(null)"
None, Up, Alt_L|Left
None, Down, Alt_L|Right


  • Create IMWheel start-up script 
sudo mkdir /home/login
gksudo gedit /home/login/mouse
  • Insert the following into this new file 
#!/bin/sh
exec xmodmap -e "pointer = 1 2 3 6 7 4 5" &
exec imwheel -k -b "67" &
exec $REALSTARTUP
  • Grant execution for everyone to this new script 
sudo chmod +x /home/login/mouse
  • Configure this script to be executed at start-up
    1. Select 'System' > 'Preferences' > 'Sessions'
    2. Click the StartUp tab
    3. Click Add, then input: /home/login/mouse
    4. Click OK, then Close
  • Reboot your computer or your Gnome environment and then test your back/forward mouse buttons in Nautilus
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Grafikkkort Drivere (NVIDIA)? 

sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-common
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
  • Hvis kommandoene over ikke aktiverer driveren kan du gjøre det manuelt ved å redigere konfigurasjonsfilen til X: 
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • og bytte ut "nv" med "nvidia"
  • Aktiver XvMC ved å lage konfigurasjonsfilen til nVidia XvMC 
sudo gedit /etc/X11/XvMCConfig
  • Sett inn denne linjen i den nye konfigurasjonsfilen for å oppgi navnet på det delte biblioteket nVidia XvMC til spillerne: 
libXvMCNVIDIA_dynamic.so.1
  • For å bruke XvMC til å aksellerere videoavspilling, bruk følgende flagg. Se [[1]] for detaljer. 
xine -V xxmc filename.ts
mplayer -vo xvmc -vc ffmpeg12mc filename.ts
[edit]

Hvordan fjerne NVIDIA logo ved oppstart av GNOME 

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Finn denne seksjonen 
 ...
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
	Driver		"nvidia"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
...
  • Legg til denne linja under 
   Option		"NoLogo"
[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Grafikkkort Drivere (ATI)?

  • See Unofficial ATI Linux driver wiki
  • Or Ubuntuforums.org
  • Or PenLUG.org
[edit]

How to install Graphics Driver (Intel)

Note: This driver is for Intel® 82830M, 82845G, 82852GM, 82855GM, 82865G, and 82915G/GM graphics controller-based products only. 

wget -c http://downloadmirror.intel.com/df-support/8211/eng/dri-I915-v1.1-20041217.i386.rpm
sudo alien dri-I915-v1.1-20041217.i386.rpm
sudo dpkg -i dri-i915_v1.1-20041218_i386.deb
[edit]

How to Correct the Graphics Resolution (Intel)

  • Intel 915g, 945g, etc. graphics chipsets only have a limited set of resolutions initially installed, despite the correct driver being detected.
  • Install the resolution altering tool: 
sudo apt-get install 915resolution
  • Run the following to see the availible modes: 
915resolution -l
  • Choose a resolution you don't need and replace, for example the following changes 1920x1440 to 1920x1200 
915resolution 5c 1920 1200
  • This should add the option for that resolution to the "System>Preferences>Screen Resolution" tool.
  • If it works correctly then you can make the change permanent: 
sudo gedit /etc/rc.local
  • Simply add the command you typed in above before: 
exit 0
[edit]

How to detect CPU temperature, fan speeds and voltages (lm-sensors) 

sudo apt-get install lm-sensors

Create file called mkdev.sh, and paste in the following 

#!/bin/bash
# Here you can set several defaults.
# The number of devices to create (max: 256)
NUMBER=32
# The owner and group of the devices
OUSER=root
OGROUP=root
# The mode of the devices
MODE=600
# This script doesn't need to be run if devfs is used
if [ -r /proc/mounts ] ; then
if grep -q "/dev devfs" /proc/mounts ; then
echo "You do not need to run this script as your system uses devfs."
exit;
fi
fi
i=0;
while [ $i -lt $NUMBER ] ; do
echo /dev/i2c-$i
mknod -m $MODE /dev/i2c-$i c 89 $i || exit
chown "$OUSER:$OGROUP" /dev/i2c-$i || exit
i=$[$i + 1]
done
#end of file

Make this file executable, then run it 

sudo chmod +x mkdev.sh
./mkdev.sh

Now detect sensors, and answer "y" to all questions. 

sudo sensors-detect

Load the modules into kernel 

sensors -s

Now, let's see the output 

sensors


[edit]

How to control fan speed (lm-sensors)

Install and config lm-sensors first, see section above. Then run pwmconfig to test your fans 

pwmconfig

If you can control fan speeds, great. Now creat a file called /etc/init.d/fancontrol, and paste in the following 

#!/bin/sh
#
# Fancontrol start script.
#
set -e
# Defaults
DAEMON=/usr/sbin/fancontrol
PIDFILE=/var/run/fancontrol-pid
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
test -f $DAEMON || exit 0
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "$1" in
       start)
               log_begin_msg "Starting fancontrol daemon..."
               start-stop-daemon --start -o -q -m -b -p $PIDFILE -x $DAEMON
               log_end_msg $?
               ;;
       stop)
               log_begin_msg "Stopping fancontrol daemon..."
               start-stop-daemon --stop -o -q -p $PIDFILE
               log_end_msg $?
               ;;
       force-reload|restart)
               sh $0 stop
               sh $0 start
               ;;
       *)
               log_success_msg "Usage: /etc/init.d/fancontrol {start|stop|restart|force-reload}"
               log_success_msg "  start - starts system-wide fancontrol service"
               log_success_msg "  stop  - stops system-wide fancontrol service"
               log_success_msg "  restart, force-reload - starts a new system-wide fancontrol service"
               exit 1
               ;;
esac
exit 0

Make it excutable 

sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/fancontrol

Test it 

/etc/init.d/fancontrol start

and 

/etc/init.d/fancontrol stop

If it works fine, autoload it when you reboot. Insert the following line into /etc/rc.local, before "exit 0" 

/etc/init.d/fancontrol start


[edit]

How to monitor CPU, GPU temperatures, fan speeds and voltages (GKrellM)

  • You need lm-sensors to display CPU temps, fan speed, and voltages in GKrellM.
  • You need nvidia driver to display nvidia GPU temperatures.
  • You need hddtemp to display harddrive temperatures

GKrellM is a hardware monitor that can display CPU and GPU temperatures, fan speeds, voltages, CPU load, network load, disk activity, disk temperature, memory usage, and swap usage. The installation is very easy, and configuration is just a few mouse-clicks. You can set alerts to warn you if the CPU is too hot or there is a fan failure. The hddtemp utility works with GKrellM to allow it to sense the disk temperature, as keeping your disks cool (e.g. less than around 40C) will allow them to last longer than if they run continually at higher temperatures (e.g. above 50C). 

sudo apt-get install gkrellm hddtemp

To run the program 

Click Applications -> System Tools -> GKrellM

To configure the settings, 

Right click on GKrellM -> Configuration

I was struggling with lm_sensors before, but it doesn't detect all of the sensors on my computer. Later I found "GKrellM". It displays the GPU temperature on my nVidia 6600 GT out of the box. GKrellM also has plugins that show weather info, set reminders, etc.

Add an audio alert (optional Step): Here is how to play an audio message when the CPU is too hot or a fan fails. First you need to find or record your own audio alert files. (I use Audacity to record my own.) Then go to: 

Configuration -> Builtins folder (Left side)-> Sensors -> Temperatures folder (Right side)-> CPU -> Alerts Button

Paste ONE of the following lines into a Terminal window first to test the sound. If you have two sound cards, you can use "-ao oss:/dev/dsp1" option to route the sound to the second sound card. Modify the file path and name so it points to the correct file. If you can hear the sound, then copy that line to a command line text field on the GKrellM's Alerts window. 

mplayer /home/myfolder/alert_messages/heat_alert.mp3
mplayer -ao oss:/dev/dsp1 /home/myfolder/alert_messages/heat_alert.mp3
[edit]

How to identify Modem chipset 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/
  • To identify Modem chipset 
sudo scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt
[edit]

How to install Windows Wireless Drivers (Ndiswrapper)

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • In order to install ndiswrapper you need a copy the windows drivers for your Wireless ethernet device.
  • This is only ment to be installed if your card isn't supported.
  • Please visit Official supported cards list


  • Find out if you have acx module loaded. 
lsmod | grep acx
  • If you have acx module loaded, remove it. It could also be acx_pci or similar. 
sudo rmmod acx
sudo mv /lib/modules/2.6.15-26-386/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/acx /root/
  • Install ndiswrapper and drivers 
sudo apt-get install ndiswrapper-utils
sudo ndiswrapper -i /location_of_your_wireless_driver/your_driver.inf
sudo ndiswrapper -l
sudo modprobe ndiswrapper
  • Set ndiswrapper to load on startup 
sudo ndiswrapper -m
gksudo gedit /etc/modules
  • Add the following module to the list 
ndiswrapper
  • Now you can configure your wireless card with ifconfig and iwconfig.
e.g. Supposing wlan0 is your wireless device. 
sudo iwconfig wlan0 essid "AP" key ababababababababab mode Managed
iwconfig
  • You sould now be able to see the MAC address of the access point and signal rate.


[edit]

How to enable WPA with Ndiswrapper driver

  • First, make sure the Ndiswrapper driver works by itself without encryption.
  • Create a file called /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf, and paste in the following. Modify the ssid and psk values. 
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
 network={
   ssid="YourWiFiSSID"
   psk="YourWiFiPassword"
   key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
   proto=WPA
   pairwise=TKIP
 }
  • Test it. Make sure your router is broadcasting its SSID. 
sudo wpa_supplicant -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -dd
  • If you WPA works. Load it automatically when you reboot. 
gksudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces
  • Change your wlan0 section to the following.

If you are using static IP: 

auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet static
address 192.168.1.20
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1
pre-up wpa_supplicant -Bw -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
post-down killall -q wpa_supplicant

or this, if you are using dhcp. 

auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
pre-up wpa_supplicant -Bw -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
post-down killall -q wpa_supplicant


  • Reboot
[edit]

How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink) 

uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon
[edit]

How to configure PalmOS Devices 

gksudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"
  • Save the edited file
  • Add the pilot-applet to the Taskbar by Right-Clicking on an empty spot
  • Follow the instructions on screen
[edit]

How to list partition tables 

sudo fdisk -l
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks
[edit]

How to list filesystem disk space usage 

df -Th
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks
[edit]

How to list mounted devices 

mount
[edit]

How to list PCI devices 

lspci
[edit]

How to list USB devices 

lsusb
[edit]

Hvordan øker jeg hastigheten på CD/DVD-rommen?

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
/dev/cdrom {
    dma = on
}
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
  • To mount CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
  • To unmount CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/
[edit]

How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l
[edit]

How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting 

sudo mount -a


[edit]

How to install a Wacom tablet

For a detailed guide with screenshots about how to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications, please follow the official Dapper guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com//Wacom

With the version of the Linux Wacom driver (0.7.2) in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake, if you unplug you tablet, it won't function when you plug it back in and you will have to restart X. For this reason, it is best to leave the tablet plugged in. This limitation will be removed when the 0.7.4 version of the driver is included in Ubuntu.

  • 1. Using Synaptic package manager1, check if the packages xserver-xorg-input-wacom and wacom-tools are already installed - if not, install them. If you prefer using the command line, you can also execute : 
     sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-wacom wacom-tools
  • 2. Save a copy of your /etc/X11/xorg.conf : 
      sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup
  • then edit it with the command line : 
      gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • and change all /dev/wacom occurences into /dev/input/wacom (created by wacom-tools udev scripts), then save the file.
  • You should be ready to go after you have restarted X. Remember to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications (Gimp, Inkscape), however you can already check if it's working by moving your stylus on the tablet : the mouse cursor should go through the whole screen.
[edit]

How to enable Multicore Support

  • This should work for both Multicore systems and SMP systems 
sudo apt-get install linux-686-smp
  • You can check that this works by running the following and seeing two CPUs listed 
cat /proc/cpuinfo
[edit]

How to enable Large Widescreen Support

  • 24/23" widescreen monitors sometimes have issues running 1920x1200.
  • Examples include: Dell 2405, HP 2335 or an Apple Cinema Display. 
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Add the following line to the appropriate "Monitor" section 
Modeline	"1920x1200" 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235
  • For example the HP2335 should now look like: 
Section "Monitor"
	Identifier	"hp L2335"
	Option		"DPMS"
	Modeline	"1920x1200" 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235
EndSection
[edit]

CD/DVD Brenning

[edit]

How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW

Forutsatt at /dev/cdrom er plasseringen til CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
[edit]

Hvordan brenne filer/mapper til CD/DVD 

nautilus burn:///
  • File Browser: CD/DVD Creator
  • Drag files/folders into window 
File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write
[edit]

Hvordan brenne CD-bilder (ISO) til CD/DVD 

Høyreklikk på CD-bilde (ISO) -> Write to Disc... -> Write
[edit]

Hvordan kopiere CD/DVD

[edit]

Hvordan lage CD-bilder (ISO) fra CD/DVD

Forutsatt at /dev/cdrom er plasseringen til CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024
[edit]

Hvordan lage CD-bilder (ISO) fra mapper 

mkisofs -o fil.iso /plassering_av_mappe/
[edit]

Hvordan generere MD5-sjekksumfiler 

md5sum fil.iso > fil.iso.md5
[edit]

Hvordan sjekke MD5-sjekksum av filer

Forutsatt at fil.iso og fil.iso.md5 ligger i samme mappe 
md5sum -c fil.iso.md5
[edit]

Hvordan montere/avmontere CD-bilde (ISO) uten å brenne 

sudo mkdir /media/iso
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount fil.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
  • For å avmontere CD-bilde (ISO) 
sudo umount /media/iso/
[edit]

Hvordan angi/endre brennehastighet for CD/DVD-brenne 

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (angi brennehastighet)
[edit]

How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)
[edit]

How to enable overburn for CD/DVD Burner

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)
[edit]

Nettverk

[edit]

Hvordan konfigurere Google Talk

  • Se svar på Google Talk Help Center
[edit]

Hvordan aktivere/deaktivere nettverksforbindelser 

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate
[edit]

Hvordan konfigurere nettverksforbindelser 

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Properties
Connection -> Enable this connection (Checked)
Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"

DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete
[edit]

How to configure dialup connections 

sudo pppconfig
  • To connect dialup 
sudo pon provider_name
  • To disconnect dialup 
sudo poff
[edit]

How to configure broadband connections 

sudo pppoeconf
[edit]

How to change computer name 

General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name
  • Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
[edit]

How to change computer descriptions 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
  server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...
  • Replace with the following line 
  server string = new_computer_descriptions
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to change computer Domain/Workgroup 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
  workgroup = MSHOME
...
  • Replace with the following line 
  workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service 

sudo apt-get install ipcheck
gksudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
 #!/bin/sh
 USERNAME=myusername
 PASSWORD=mypassword
 HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org
 cd /root/
 if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
  ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
 else
  ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
 fi
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
sudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
[edit]

How to share folders the easy way 

Right click on folder -> Share folder

Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name
[edit]

How to browse network computers

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly
Read #How to access network folders without mounting
  • Places -> Network Servers
[edit]

How to access network folders without mounting

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Shared folder's name: linux
  • Press 'Alt+F2' (Run Application...) and enter: 
smb://192.168.0.1/linux
[edit]

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder 
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword
  • To unmount network folder 
sudo umount /media/sharename/
[edit]

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder 
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777
  • To unmount network folder 
sudo umount /media/sharename/
[edit]

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename 
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
gksudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
username=myusername
password=mypassword
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials    0    0
[edit]

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename 
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
gksudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
username=myusername
password=mypassword
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777  0    0
[edit]

How to get ipw2200 and wpa to work

  • See Ubuntuforuns.org how-tos
[edit]

How to Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)

OR
  • Install manually 
wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gz
tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz
sudo sh ./pptp/install
  • To configure PPTP Client 
gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop
  • Replace content of this file with the following lines 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=PPTP Client
Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
Categories=Application;Network
Encoding=UTF-8
Exec=gksudo pptpconfig
Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Type=Application
  • The above lines change the default file in three ways: the application is placed in the Application/Internet category, gksudo will make the application run as superuser and we put a nice icon that appears in the menu.
  • Start the client with Applications -> Internet -> PPTP Client
[edit]

How to Configure Ubuntu/Kubuntu with WPA using Network-Manager

Ubuntu Dapper in typical cases can configure WPA to work out of the box with minimal hassle. You'll need to install network-manager.


For Ubuntu: 

sudo apt-get install network-manager-gnome

For Kubuntu (will install knetworkmanager): 

sudo apt-get install network-manager-kde

Logout/Reboot.

Ubuntu users should now see the NetworkManager Applet in the Gnome notification area. Kubuntu users will probably have to run knetworkmanager before they see NetworkManager in the systray.

If instead, you get a "The NetworkManager applet could not find some required resources. It cannot continue." message, then: 

sudo gtk-update-icon-cache -f /usr/share/icons/hicolor

Once Network-Manager is installed, click on the NM icon in the notification area (default is at the top right of Ubuntu/Gnome). Choose your network, then enter your passphrase. Type a password for the keyring, and you're set.

If you don't see your network, click "Create New Wireless Network...", type your essid/networkname, then choose "WPA Personal" for wireless security.

  • Note: If you installed Kubuntu then installed ubuntu-desktop & network-manager-gnome, you may not be able to use network-manager in Gnome, if at all. In this case, you may have to use WPA Supplicant and do some manual editing of conf files to get WPA up and running.
  • Note: When you first log into Gnome/KDE, the keyring application will ask for a password. Future revisions of Network-Manager should resolve this.
[edit]

Remote Desktop

[edit]

How to configure remote desktop (not secure)

Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended
  • System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
  • Remote Desktop Preferences 
Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked)
Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)

Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: (Checked)
Password: Specify the password
[edit]

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1 
vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
  • To quit vncviewer 
Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer
[edit]

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
  • If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port. The default one is 5900
This process is called port forwarding port forwarding
  • Download DotNetVNC: Here or RealVNC Here
this is a free DotNet version that require the DotNet framework available from microsoft here
The RealVNC website was created and maintained by the original developers of VNC during their time at AT&T. RealVNC comes in Free, Personal, and Enterprise editions - the latter two costing money.
  • Open the VNC client you have chosen, and insert the connection string formatted like this <LINUX BOX IP><:DESKTOP NUMBER>|<::PORT>
In example use: 192.168.1.2:0 or 192.168.1.2::5900 to connect to desktop 0, to connect to desktop 1 use 192.168.1.2:1 or 192.168.1.2::5901 and so on
[edit]

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via OSX

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
  • If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port the default one is 5900
This process is called port forwarding port forwarding
  • Download ChickenOfTheVNC: Here
  • Open ChickenOfTheVNC, and insert the host (IP adress of remote machine), the display number (0 is default and is port 5900) and the password.
In example use: Host: 192.168.0.1, Display 0, Password: password
[edit]

Windows

[edit]

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only


e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
  • To unmount Windows partition 
sudo umount /media/windows/
[edit]

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
  • To unmount Windows partition 
sudo umount /media/windows/
[edit]

How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
/dev/hda1    /media/windows ntfs  nls=utf8,umask=0222 0    0
[edit]

How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
/dev/hda1    /media/windows vfat  iocharset=utf8,umask=000  0    0
[edit]

How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow users read and write access

Warning: Ntfs writing support is still experimental. You should not enable it on production machines and/or volumes you don't have backups of. Proceed at your own risk! 

sudo apt-get install libfuse2 fuse-utils
  • Download the latest ntfsprogs package (these are from the Dapper repositories, so they are safe to install.)

libntfs8 ntfsprogs libfuse2 fuse-utils

  • Install the downloaded packages 
sudo dpkg -i libfuse2_*.deb fuse-utils_*.deb ntfsprogs_*.deb libntfs8_*.deb
  • Add fuse to the list of modules to load 
echo fuse | sudo tee -a /etc/modules
  • Create a user group to access the ntfs disks 
sudo addgroup ntfs
  • The output should look something like this, remember the GID (the number printed after the group name) as it may differ and we will need it later:
Adding group `ntfs' (1002)...
Done.
  • Create the local mount folder and edit the fstab file to mount the disks to this folder.
e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows 
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file, using the GID number previously. The umask following this GID allows write access just to owner (root) and group (ntfs), and read access to everyone. 
/dev/hda1    /media/windows    ntfs-fuse    auto,gid=1002,umask=0002    0    0
  • Save the edited file.
  • Add users to the ntfs group, where "username" is the name of the user you would like to have write access 
sudo adduser username ntfs
  • Fix Dapper bug #29865 of the linux-ntfs package: 
sudo rm /sbin/mount.ntfs-fuse && sudo ln /usr/bin/ntfsmount /sbin/mount.ntfs-fuse
  • If you reboot now, the disk will be writable to the selected users when they logon. If you want the changes to take effect immediately without rebooting, execute the following command, ignoring the errors about "/" and others not being unmounted. You'll have to logout from all your user sessions for the new group to be acknowledged (usually a logout from your graphical session and login back again will do it). 
sudo modprobe fuse && sudo umount -a && sudo mount -a
  • Further troubleshooting is listed at this comprehensive howto thread.
[edit]

Security

[edit]

What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
    • To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
    • To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
    • To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
  • Ensure a password is set for BIOS
    • To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
  • Ensure computer is located at a secured place
    • To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
    • To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
  • Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
    • To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
    • Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
    • Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
    • Not create a password with just a single or just a typical union of main languages (english, german, french, spanish...) dictionary words
  • Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
  • Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
  • Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
    • To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
    • Read [[#How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode]]
  • Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
  • For day to day usage, login as a normal user
  • Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
    • To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
    • "sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
    • Read #How to disable root user account
  • Install a Firewall
  • Perform vulnerability test
[edit]

How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu

  • Run This: 
grub-md5-crypt 

Password: 
Retype password: 
$1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/
  • Backup your current configuration file 
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this section 
...
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
#   password --md5 $1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/
# password topsecret
...
  • Add the following line below it 
password --md5 $1$tumnZ1$xB/shuXs7MlawZXkLiBDV/ (encrypted password above)
  • Find the section(s) that look like this (note the 'recovery mode' and the word 'single'): 
...
title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
root		(hd0,1)
kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
savedefault
boot
...
  • Add lock between the title and root lines: 
...
title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
lock
root		(hd0,1)
...
  • Save the edited file

This will make it so your grub console will require a password to edit the lines, and the recovery modes won't work unless the password is typed. To access the other grub options at the menu, follow the instructions at the bottom of the screen. It will be something like pressing p and typing your password.

[edit]

How to disable history listing in Console mode 

rm -f .bash_history
gedit ~/.bash_profile
  • Add the following: 
export HISTFILESIZE=4
unset HISTFILE=5
# Change this to a reasonable number of lines to save, I like to save only 100.
export HISTSIZE=1
# Ignores duplicate lines next to each other
export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups

This will disable Bash history for the user, retaining keystroke history and recall to use while limiting recall history to 100 lines. This will also not record duplicate lines next to each other.

[edit]

How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode 

sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/inittab
  • Find this line 
...
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
...
  • Replace with the following line 
#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
  • Save the edited file 
sudo telinit q
[edit]

How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode 

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to setup a LoJack system for your laptop


What: Quote from Wikipedia: "LoJack is an aftermarket vehicle tracking system that allows cars to be tracked by police after being stolen. The manufacturer claims a 90% recovery rate. The name "LoJack" is a play on the word "hijack," meaning the theft of a vehicle through force."

Why: If your laptop is ever stolen and connected to the Internet. You will be able to find out from what IP it connects to the Internet from and contact the authorities.

How:

  • Get a free dynamic IP account from one of the many providers. Here we will use DynDNS. 
sudo apt-get install ddclient
  • Edit the configuration file /etc/ddclient.conf using you fevorite text editor (emacs, gedit, kedit or even vi) 
sudo emacs /etc/ddclient.conf
  • Make it look like this: 
# Configuration file for ddclient generated by debconf
#
# /etc/ddclient.conf
pid=/var/run/ddclient.pid
protocol=dyndns2
use=web
server=members.dyndns.org
login=YourNameHere
password='YourPasswordHere'
YourHostNameHere.gotmyip.com
NOTE:
* Make sure that you use the web IP detection method.
* Specify your own user id instead of the place holder YourNameHere.
* Specify your own password instead of the place holder YourPasswordHere, make sure to surround it with single quotes.
* The last line should specify the hostname you registered with the dynamic IP service.
  • You can now start the ddclient daemon, or wait until your next reboot. 
sudo /etc/init.d/ddclient start
  • The hostname you registered with your dynamic IP service should be updated. You can test it with the ping command: 
ping YourHostNameHere.gotmyip.com
Even if your laptop has a firewall that prevents pings the hostname should resolve to the IP of the network gateway that your laptop is connected to.
Now all that is left is for someone to steal your laptop.....

References:

  • http://ddclient.sourceforge.net/index.php
[edit]

Boot menu

[edit]

How to gain root user access without login

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
    • Boot-up computer
    • If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
    • Select 
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
[edit]

How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • Boot-up computer
  • If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
  • If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
  • Select 
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386
  • Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
  • Select 
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
  • Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
  • Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments 
grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash
  • Press 'b' to boot
[edit]

How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
  • At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument 
boot: rescue
  • Follow the instructions on screen
[edit]

How to change root user/main user password if forgotten 

# passwd root
  • To change main user password 
# passwd system_main_username
[edit]

How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten 

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
...
  • Replace with the following line 
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation

  • Use Super Grub Disk
  • More info on how to use it here
[edit]

How to identify the name of the boot drive (hd0, hd1, hd2, etc)

Press "c" on boot menu. If you don't see a boot menu, press ESC key first when booting to show the boot menu.

Type: 

root (hd0,0)

Most likely you will get "(hd0,0) ext2fs", which should be your current Linux drive. Now change hd0 to hd1 to see what is there. 

root (hd1,0)

If you get "(hd1,0) filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7", then hd1 is a Windows drive.

Now change hd1 to hd2, keep going until you reach hd7.

[edit]

How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition 
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
title		Microsoft Windows
root		(hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader	+1
  • Save the edited file


[edit]

How to boot into Windows installed on a seperate SATA drive

This configuration applies to people who have Linux installed on a IDE drive, and Windows installed on a seperate SATA. The IDE drive boots first, so we need to add an entry to the boot menu on the Linux disk. Here we assume the name of your Windows drive is hd1. If you are not sure, click the link above to find out. 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Append the following lines at the end of file. 
title           Windows XP on SATA drive
map (hd0) (hd1)
map (hd1) (hd0)
chainloader (hd1,0)+1
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine

OR
  • See www.fs-driver.org
[edit]

Tips & Tricks

[edit]

Hvordan restarter jeg GNOME uten å restarte maskinen? 

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'
eller 
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
[edit]

Hvordan slå på Num Lock ved oppstart av GNOME 

sudo apt-get install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default
  • Finn denne linjen 
...
exit 0
  • Legg til disse linjene over den 
if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
 /usr/bin/numlockx on
fi
[edit]

How to remap the Caps Lock key as another Control key 

gksudo gedit /etc/console-tools/remap
[edit]
In the Console
  • Change 
#s/keycode  58 = Caps_Lock/keycode  58 = Control/;

to 

s/keycode  58 = Caps_Lock/keycode  58 = Control/;
  • Save your work 
sudo /etc/init.d/console-screen.sh
  • Try using it
[edit]
In X Windows 
gksudo gedit ~/.Xmodmap
  • Add this: 
keycode 66 = Control_L
clear Lock
add Control = Control_L
  • Now, apply the changes. 
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap
  • To apply them on startup
    • If ~/.xinitrc does not exist, 
cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc
  • In all cases 
gedit ~/.xinitrc
  • Make the first line this: 
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap
  • Restart X (Ctrl - Alt - Backspace)
  • Log In, a dialog should pop up, add .Xmodmap to the left side with the add button, and Save.
[edit]

Hvordan kjøre programmer ved innlogging i GNOME 

Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete
[edit]

Hvordan få fart på Ubuntu

  • Les denne tråden: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=189192
[edit]

Hvordan bytte til konsollmodus i GNOME 

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • For å bytte mellom konsoller ( i konsollmodus ) 
Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • For å bytte tilbake til GNOME 
Press 'Alt + F7'
[edit]

Hvordan forhindre at Ctrl+Alt+Backspace restarter X i GNOME 

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Legg til disse linjene på slutten av filen 
Section "ServerFlags"
	Option		"DontZap"		"yes"
EndSection
[edit]

Hvordan få Ctrl+Alt+Del til å åpne System Monitor i GNOME 

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"
[edit]

Hvordan oppdaterer jeg GNOME skrivebordet? 

killall nautilus
[edit]

Hvordan oppdaterer jeg GNOME panelet? 

killall gnome-panel
[edit]

Hvordan aktivere autolagring i Gedit og slå av opprettelse av en_fil~ filer 

/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy (Unchecked)
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save (Checked)
[edit]

Hvordan vise alle skjulte filer/mapper i Nautilus 

Press 'Ctrl + H'
  • For å vise skjulte filer/mapper i Nautilus på permanent basis 
Edit Menu -> Preferences

Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)
[edit]

How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus 

gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop
    • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
  • To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
    • Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)
[edit]

How to change default file type "Open with" program 

Right click on file -> Properties

Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program

Select "Open with" program (Checked)
[edit]

How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird 

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s
[edit]

Hvordan åpne filer som root med høyre musklikk 

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
  • Sett inn disse linjene i den nye filen 
for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
	gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done
  • Lagre filen 
chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

Høyreklikk på fil -> Scripts -> Open as root
[edit]

How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode

Not for Dapper---- firingstone 

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...

General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)
[edit]

Hvordan håndtere mss-protokollen i Mozilla Firefox


  • Start firefox.
  • Skriv inn dette som nettadresse: about:config

Nå er det bare å høyreklikke i hovedvinduet. I menyen som dukker opp velger du: "new" -> "string". Legg denne teksten inn i feltet som kommer fram: 

network.protocol-handler.app.mms

I neste felt legger du inn dette: 

/usr/bin/X11/vlc

Høyreklikk i hovedvinduet igjen, men denne gangen velger du: "new" -> "boolean"

Denne gangen skal du først legge inn denne teksten: 

network.protocol-handler.external.mms

Så setter du: 

true
[edit]

Hvordan håndtere rtsp (realmedia) protokollen i Mozilla Firefox


  • Start firefox.
  • Skriv inn denne nettadressen: about:config

Høyreklikk et sted i hovedvinduet og velg følgende i menyen som dukker opp: "new"-> "string". Så legger du til denne teksten i tekstfeltet som kommer fram: 

network.protocol-handler.app.rtsp

I neste felt legger du inn dette: 

/usr/bin/X11/realplay

Gjenta, men denne gangen velger du: "new"-> "boolean", og du legger først inn denne teksten: 

network.protocol-handler.external.rtsp

før du setter: 

true
[edit]

How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox 

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox
[edit]

How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox 

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox


[edit]

How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
  • To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
    1. Settings -> Repositories
    2. In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
    3. You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository
  • To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
    1. Settings -> Repositories
    2. Click on Add and then Custom
    3. Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time: 
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free 

deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu dapper-commercial main
  • To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update) 
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
  • To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade) 
Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name) 
Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
  • To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name) 
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name) 
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
[edit]

What packages do the extra repositories provide

  • The PLF repository provides
    1. DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
    2. Skype
    3. Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
    4. Opera Web browser
    5. RealPlayer 10
    6. Win32 binary multimedia codecs
[edit]

How to install/uninstall .deb files 

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
  • To uninstall .deb file 
sudo dpkg -r package_name
[edit]

How to find out which version of a package I have installed 

dpkg -l packagename
[edit]

How to convert .rpm files to .deb files 

sudo alien package_file.rpm
[edit]

How to compile .deb files from source

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • Read #Hvordan legger man til ekstra reservoar?
  • There are various programs available to help automate the process of create .deb files from source. For more information, see the links at the end of this section. A basic well tested method is described here.
  • Install the necessary software to build the source (build-essential may be all that is necessary, though there may be other dependencies) and checkinstall (which creates deb files). 
sudo apt-get install checkinstall build-essential
  • In the directory where you have extracted the source, after you have run ./configure and make you can create a .deb file and install it with either of the following commands. The second -D option creates a .deb file in the directory that you can share with others or install without needing the source. 
sudo checkinstall

or 

sudo checkinstall -D
  • For more info go to CheckInstall home page and the Installing software on Ubuntu page. Autodeb uses a modified version of AutoApt to complete the entire process above including extraction from the .tar.gz file, however it is still in an early stage of development.
[edit]

How to rename all files in directory at once 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb
  • To rename all files in directory at once 
mvb NEW_NAME
[edit]

How to manipulate all image files in directory at once 

sudo apt-get install imagemagick
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips
  • To manipulate all image files in directory at once 
bbips
[edit]

How to set System-wide Environment Variables 

sudo cp -p /etc/profile /etc/profile_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/profile
  • Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to save "man" outputs into files 

man command | col -b > file.txt
[edit]

How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
#hiddenmenu
...
  • Replace with the following line 
hiddenmenu
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
timeout     3
...
  • Replace with the following line 
timeout     X_seconds
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
default     0
...
  • Replace with the following line 
default     X_sequence
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up

e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition 
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this section 
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
#      grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
#      grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
#      and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...
  • Add the following line below it 
splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu 
convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm
[edit]

How to display only one kernel on GRUB menu 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup-`date +%F`
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...
# howmany=all
...
  • Replace with the following line 
# howmany=1

Where 1 means to keep the last kernel, 2 to keep the last 2 kernels, etc. Do not delete the # symbol. The menu will be updated once a new kernel will be updated by the system, not before.

  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to temporary skip boot-up services 

Press 'Ctrl + C'
[edit]

How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services

[edit]

How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown 

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd
  • Find this section 
...
 stop)
  log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
  start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
  log_end_msg $?
...
  • Add the following line below it 
  rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode 

Press 'Shift + Page Up'
  • To scroll down to view previously outputs 
Press 'Shift + Page Down'
[edit]

How to find out which version of Ubuntu I am using 

cat /etc/issue


[edit]

How to set up (automatic) background/wallpaper-changer application for GNOME

  • Read #Generelle merknader
  • To install the script into a different location than your home directory, replace "~" with your path 
cd ~
wget http://members.chello.at/horst.jens/files/wallpaperchanger.py
chmod +x wallpaperchanger.py
~/wallpaperchanger.py
gedit ~/.wallpaperchanger/wallpaperchangerconfig.py
  • Edit all the lines not beginning with an "#" according to your needs. Save the file and close gedit.
  • To create an menu entry for wallpaperchanger: 
Click the menuitems: Applications -> Accessoires -> Alacarte Menu Editor -> File -> New Entry:
Name: wallpaperchanger
command: ~/wallpaperchanger.py
  • To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer: 
Click the menuitems: System -> Preferences -> Session -> Startup Programs -> Add:
~/wallpaperchanger.py
[edit]

How to set up automatic background change (KDE)

  • Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
  • Choose Slide Show
  • Press Setup...
  • Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
  • Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
  • Press 'OK'
[edit]

How to add keyboard layouts for other languages

  • Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
  • Choose Layouts
  • Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
  • Choose Layout Options
  • Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
  • Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
  • Press Close.

See #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.

[edit]

How to add keyboard layouts toggle for other languages (Xfce)

  • use *.lst files on /etc/X11/xkb/rules to select 2nd_laguage_code 
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,2nd_laguage_code
  • you can add it to a startup file, which will be set to be executed on startup, with the following lines (remember to 'chmod +x' the file): 
#!/bin/tcsh
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,il
[edit]

How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet

  • Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
  • Click Add to Panel...
  • Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)

The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.

[edit]

How to type extended characters

  • Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
  • Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.

The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.

  • ' + a = á
  • ' + e = é
  • and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-ń, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-ŕ
  • " + a = ä
  • " + e = ë
  • and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö

Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à, è, ù, ì, ò. Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.

To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively. To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.

There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,

  • RightAlt+q = ä
  • RightAlt+w = å
  • RightAlt+e = é
  • RightAlt+r = ®
  • RightAlt+t = þ
  • RightAlt+y = ü
  • RightAlt+u = ú
  • RightAlt+i = í
  • RightAlt+o = ó
  • RightAlt+p = ö
  • RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
  • RightAlt+a = á
  • RightAlt+s = ß
  • RightAlt+d = ð
  • RightAlt+l = ø
  • RightAlt+; = ¶
  • RightAlt+: = °
  • RightAlt+z = æ
  • RightAlt+c = ©
  • RightAlt+n = ñ
  • RightAlt+m = µ
  • RightAlt+, = ç
  • RightAlt+/ = ¿
  • RightAlt+1 = ¡
  • RightAlt+2 = ²
  • RightAlt+3 = ³
  • RightAlt+4 = ¤
  • RightAlt+5 = €
  • RightAlt+6 = ¼
  • RightAlt+7 = ½
  • RightAlt+8 = ¾
  • RightAlt+9 = ‘
  • RightAlt+0 = ’
  • RightAlt+- = ¥
  • RightAlt+= = ×
  • RightAlt+! = ¹
  • RightAlt+@, then o = ő (and Ő).
  • RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ā). Similarly for ēĒ, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
  • RightAlt+$ = £
  • RightAlt+% =
  • RightAlt+^ =
  • RightAlt+& =
  • RightAlt+*, then a = ą (and Ą). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
  • RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ă)
  • RightAlt+(, then g = ğ (and Ğ)
  • RightAlt+), then a = å (and Å)
  • RightAlt+_ =
  • RightAlt++ = ÷
[edit]

How to set the Compose key to type special characters

  • Click System, Preferences, Keyboard.
  • Under Layout Options, expand on Compose key position.
  • Choose Right-Win key is compose, click Close.

Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to this keyboard settings file. Specifically, the lines that start with GDK_Multi_key are those that we can use here. The Compose key is actually GDK_Multi_key.

Some examples,

  • RightWin + C + = produces €
  • RightWin + = + C produces €
  • RightWin + C + O produces ©
  • RightWin + O + C produces ©
  • RightWin + a + ' produces á
  • RightWin + a + " produces ä
  • RightWin + a + ` produces à
  • RightWin + a + ~ produces ã
  • RightWin + a + * produces å
  • RightWin + a + ^ produces â
  • RightWin + a + > produces â
  • RightWin + a + , produces ą
  • RightWin + e + - produces ē
  • RightWin + S + 1 produces ¹
  • RightWin + S + 2 produces ²
  • RightWin + S + 3 produces ³
[edit]

How to install ubuntu-title font used in Ubuntu logo 

sudo apt-get install ttf-ubuntu-title

Now you can use this font in your favorite applications

[edit]

Hvordan assosierer jeg Adobe Reader med filer i Nautilus?

Nå blir .pdf-filer åpnet med Adobe Reader, når du dobbelklikker på de.

[edit]

Hvordan skriver jeg ut fra Adobe Reader? 

/usr/bin/lp -d FS-1010
[edit]

Hvordan splitter og kombinerer jeg pdf filer? 

sudo apt-get install pdftk
cd
mkdir bin
cd bin
gedit pdftk_burst
  • lett til følgende tekst til pdftk_burst: 
#!/bin/bash
cd ${1%/*}
/usr/bin/pdftk "$1" burst
rm doc_data.txt
  • lagre og lukk pdftk_burst 
gedit pdftk_cat
  • legg til følgende tekst til pdftk_cat: 
#!/bin/bash
cd ${1%/*}
outfile="00out.pdf"
if [ -f $outfile ] ; then
    rm -f $outfile
fi
/usr/bin/pdftk *.pdf cat output $outfile
  • lagre og lukk pdftk_cat 
chmod u+x pdftk_burst pdftk_cat
  • åpne Nautilus (Steder -> Skrivebordet) og finn en .pdf-fil
  • høyreklikk .pdf-filen, velg Egenskaper, gå til Åpne med tabben, klikk Legg til, klikk Bruk en brukerdefinert kommando, klikk Søk, finn pdftk_burst. Gjør det damme med pdftk_cat.

Nå, når du høyreklikker på en .pdf-fil, vil du få to ekstra valg:

  • Åpne med -> pdftk_burst som vil konvertkere en 30 siders pdf fil til 30 stk 1 siders pdf-filer.
  • Åpne med -> pdftk_cat som vil slå sammen alle pdf-filene i samme katalog og lage en fil kalt 00out.pdf

Merk: dette vil ikke virke med pdf-filer med en eller annen form for beskyttelse - les man pdftk for mer kommandolinjevalg.

[edit]

Servers

[edit]

AntiVirus Server

[edit]

How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server 

sudo apt-get install clamav
[edit]

How to manually update virus databases 

sudo freshclam
[edit]

How to manually scan files/folders for viruses 

sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
[edit]

How to automatically scan files/folders for viruses

e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday
* * * * * means minute hour date month year 
export EDITOR=gedit &&  sudo crontab -e
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
00 00 * * *  sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

Print Server (cupsd)

[edit]

How to install cupsd

Cupsd should be automatically installed during standard instaltion. Checkout if there is a file "/etc/init.d/cupsys". If you want to manually install it, do 
 sudo apt-get install cupsys*
[edit]

Hvordan legger jeg til en skriver?

  • Gå til System -> Administrasjon -> Utskrifter.
  • Velg "Legg til skriver".

En "Legg til skriver wizard" skal starte og fortelle deg hva du skal gjøre.

[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from another Ubuntu machine

  • Make sure your local printer is well configured.
  • Server ip address: 192.168.0.1
  • Client ip address: 192.168.0.23
    • Server configuration 
 sudo cp /etc/cups/cupsd.conf /etc/cups/cupsd.conf.backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
find the block 
<Location />
  ...
  Allow localhost
  ...
</Location>
and add the following line into it. 
 Allow 192.168.0.23
Restart cups. 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
    • Client configuration 
 sudo cp /etc/cups/client.conf /etc/cups/client.conf.backup
 gksudo gedit /etc/cups/client.conf
And add the following line into it. 
 ServerName 192.168.0.1
Restart cups. 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
Now try "lpq" and you should see something like 
 vitek@lightfox:~$ lpq
 HPLJ6P is ready
 no entries
[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from a Windows machine

[edit]

Samba Server

[edit]

Hvordan installerer jeg Samba Server for Windows fildeling? 

sudo apt-get install samba smbfs
[edit]

Hvordan legge til/redigere/slette nettverkbrukere 

sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
    • Legg til denne linjen i den nye filen 
system_username = "network username"
    • Lagre filen
  • For å redigere nettverkbruker 
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
  • For å slette nettverkbruker 
sudo smbpasswd -x system_username
[edit]

How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Find this section 
...
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
  writable = no
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
  writable = yes

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[Group]
  comment = Group Folder
  path = /home/group
  public = yes
  writable = no
  valid users = system_username1 system_username2
  create mask = 0700
  directory mask = 0700
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 


sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[Group]
  comment = Group Folder
  path = /home/group
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  valid users = system_username1 system_username2
  create mask = 0700
  directory mask = 0700
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 


sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user 
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = no
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody 
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No) 

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following line 
  security = share
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = no
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No) 

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...
;  security = user
...
  • Replace with the following line 
  security = share
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine via samba 

 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.backup
 gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
Find the following lines 
 ...
 # printing = cups
 # printcap name = cups
 ...
and uncomment them. 
 printing = cups
 printcap name = cups
Restart cups server 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
Now printers working on your Ubuntu machine should be acessible via samba.
[edit]

SSH Server

[edit]

How to install SSH Server for remote administration service 

sudo apt-get install ssh
[edit]

How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1 
ssh username@192.168.0.1
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory) 
scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/ 
scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory) 
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/ 
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
[edit]

How to mount remote folders into local Ubuntu machine (sshfs)

e.g. Assumed that remote machine has installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote machine folder location: /media/music
  • Install sshfs 
sudo apt-get install sshfs
  • Load kernel driver for sshfs 
sudo modprobe fuse
  • For permanent use add 'fuse' at the end of /etc/modules 
gksudo gedit /etc/modules
  • Join the 'fuse' user group 
sudo adduser your_user_name fuse
  • Logout and login for this to take effect.
  • Create local mountpoint in your home directory 
mkdir ~/remote_music
  • Mount the remote folder into ~/remote_music 
sshfs 192.168.0.1:/media/music ~/remote_music
[edit]

How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
  • Download PuTTY: Here


[edit]

How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
  • Download FileZilla: Here
[edit]

How to limit the user accounts that can connect through ssh remotely

e.g. If you enable the SSH server, then any user with a valid account can connect remotely
This can lead to security risks, as there exist remote password cracking tools that
try common username/password pairs.
  • Keep a backup of the ssh server configuration file with

sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ORIGINAL

  • Edit the configuration file

gksudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config

  • Change the parameter PermitRootLogin from yes to no. The superuser must not be able to connect directly from remote.
  • Add the parameter AllowUsers and specify the usernames (space separated) that can connect remotely.
  • You can also use DenyUsers for fine-grained selection of users.
  • If you enable the openssh server and you have no intention for now to enable remote connections, you may add AllowUsers nosuchuserhere to disable anyone connecting.
[edit]

DHCP Server

[edit]

How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment

e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
Domains: tm.net.my
Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1 
sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server
sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server
  • Find this line 
...
INTERFACES=""
  • Replace with the following line 
INTERFACES="eth0"
  • Save the edited file 
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
  • Find this section 
...
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "example.org";
#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;
  • Find this section 
...
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
# option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
# option domain-name "internal.example.org";
# option routers 10.5.5.1;
# option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
# default-lease-time 600;
# max-lease-time 7200;
#}
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
 option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
 option domain-name "tm.net.my";
 option routers 192.168.0.1;
 option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
 default-lease-time 600;
 max-lease-time 7200;
}
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart


[edit]

Database Server

[edit]

How to install MYSQL Database Server 

sudo apt-get install mysql-server
  • MySQL initially only allows connections from the localhost (127.0.0.1). We'll need to remove that restriction if you wish to make it accessible to everyone on the internet. Open the file /etc/mysql/my.cnf 
gksudo gedit /etc/mysql/my.cnf
  • Find the line bind-address = 127.0.0.1 and comment it out 
...
#bind-address           = 127.0.0.1
...
  • MySQL comes with no root password as default. This is a huge security risk. You'll need to set one. So that the local computer gets root access as well, you'll need to set a password for that too. The local-machine-name is the name of the computer you're working on. For more information see here 
mysqladmin -u root password your-new-password
mysqladmin -h root@local-machine-name -u root -p password your-new-password
sudo /etc/init.d/mysql restart
[edit]

How to install MYSQL Administrator 

sudo apt-get install mysql-admin
[edit]

How to install Oracle Database XE

  • Add the following repository to your /etc/apt/sources.list: 
deb http://oss.oracle.com/debian unstable main non-free
  • Install the software using apt-get 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install oracle-xe
  • Add your login to the 'dba' group (where your login name is username) 
sudo usermod -G dba -a username
[edit]

Apache HTTP Server

[edit]

How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service 

sudo apt-get install apache2
  • http://localhost
[edit]

How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server

[edit]
How to install PHP4 
sudo apt-get install php4
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php4
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • To test if php4 installed correctly 
gksudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
  • Save the edited file
  • http://localhost/testphp.php
  • Be sure to remove the file afterwards, as it may pose a security risk
[edit]
How to install PHP5 
sudo apt-get install php5
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • To test if php5 installed correctly 
gksudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
  • Save the edited file
  • http://localhost/testphp.php
  • Be sure to remove the file afterwards, as it may pose a security risk
[edit]

How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server 

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
  • Select either php4-mysql or php5-mysql depending on which version of PHP you installed 
sudo apt-get install php<version-number>-mysql
sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
  • To get PHP to work with MySQL, open the file (where <version> is either 4 or 5 depending on which PHP you installed) 
gksudo gedit /etc/php<version>/apache2/php.ini
  • You'll need to uncomment the ";extension=mysql.so" line so that it looks like this 
...
extension=mysql.so
...
  • Save the file then exit 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • http://localhost/phpmyadmin
[edit]

How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/ 

gksudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/

<Directory /location_of_folder/>
  Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
  AllowOverride All
  Order allow,deny
  Allow from all
</Directory>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • http://localhost/URL-path
[edit]

How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78 
sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf
  • Find this line 
Listen 80
  • Replace with the following line 
Listen 78
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • http://localhost:78
[edit]

How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News 
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz
sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds
sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
gksudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
 <head>
 <title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>
 <style type="text/css">
 /*<![CDATA[*/
 /* 
 DEFAULT TAG STYLES
 */
 body {
  background: #ffffff;
  margin-left: 20px;
  font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 9pt;
 }
 h1 {
  font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 15pt;
 }
 /*]]>*/
 </style>
 </head>
 <body>
 <?php
 require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
 error_reporting(E_ERROR);
 $url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
 $rss = fetch_rss($url);
 if ($rss) {
  echo "<h1>";
  echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
  echo "</h1>";
  foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
   $url = $item[link];
   $title = $item[title];
   $description = $item[description];
   echo "<li>";
   echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
   echo "$description<br/><br/>";
   echo "</li>";
  }
 }
 else {
  echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
 }
 ?>
 </body>
 </html>
  • Save the edited file
  • http://localhost/feeds/index.php
[edit]

FTP Server

[edit]

How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service 

sudo apt-get install proftpd
[edit]

How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Find this section 
...
DenyFilter           \*.*/
...
  • Add the following line below it 
DefaultRoot           ~
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read only 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous ~ftp>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
 <Directory *>
  <Limit WRITE>
   DenyAll
  </Limit>
 </Directory>
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read/write 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous ~ftp>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to map anonymous FTP user to folders outside /home/ftp/ 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous /location_of_folder/>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
 <Directory *>
  <Limit WRITE>
   DenyAll
  </Limit>
 </Directory>
</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to change the default port number for FTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77 
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Find this line 
Port              21
  • Replace with the following line 
Port              77
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to ftp into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service
Read #How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service
  • Download FileZilla: Here
[edit]

Streaming Media Server

[edit]

How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service

e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files 
sudo apt-get install gnump3d
  • http://localhost:8888
[edit]

How to change the default directory containing multimedia files for GNUMP3d

e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/ 
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Find this line 
root = /var/music
  • Replace with the following line 
root = /home/music
  • Find this line 
user = gnump3d
  • Replace with the following line 
user = root
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
  • http://localhost:8888
[edit]

How to change the default port number for GNUMP3d

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878 
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Find this line 
port = 8888
  • Replace with the following line 
port = 7878
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
  • http://localhost:7878


[edit]

Image Gallery Server

  • For a comparison between Gallery1 and Gallery2 see here
[edit]

Gallery1

[edit]
How to install Gallery1 for Image Gallery Server service 
sudo apt-get install gallery (when prompted to restart Apache, choose No or Cancel)
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
sudo apt-get install jhead
sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh
  • http://localhost/gallery/setup/index.php
  • Gallery Configuration 
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1
Next Step ->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2
General settings Tab ->
Admin password: Specify the password
Locations and URLs Tab ->
Album directory: /var/www/albums/
Temporary directory: /tmp/
Gallery URL: http://localhost/gallery
Albums URL: http://localhost/albums
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4
Save Config ->
  • http://localhost/gallery/albums.php
[edit]
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP)
e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly
Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com 
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Find this section 
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";
  • Save the edited file
  • http://www.url.com/gallery/albums.php
[edit]
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP)
e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1 
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Find this section 
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";
  • Save the edited file
  • http://192.168.0.1/gallery/albums.php
[edit]
How to backup/restore Gallery1 data 
sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/
  • To restore Gallery data 
sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /
[edit]

Gallery2

[edit]
How to install Gallery2
[edit]
How to configure Gallery2
[edit]

Troubleshooting

[edit]

Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load)

[edit]

Synchronizing clock to ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (taking too long to load) 

service_name = ntpdate
[edit]

How to disable system time/date from being reset to UTC (GMT) 

sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/default/rcS
  • Find this line 
...
UTC=yes
...
  • Replace with the following line 
UTC=no
  • Save the edited file
  • System -> Administration -> Time and Date

Set the correct time/date 

sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart
[edit]

How to configure sound to work properly in GNOME 

sudo killall esd
sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
  • Find this section 
...
auto_spawn=0
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5
...
  • Replace with the following lines 
auto_spawn=1
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default
  • Save the edited file 
sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0
gksudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
pcm.card0 {
type hw
card 0
}
pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "dmixer"
}
pcm.dmixer {
type dmix
ipc_key 1025
slave {
pcm "hw:0,0"
period_time 0
period_size 2048
buffer_size 32768
rate 48000
}
bindings {
0 0
1 1
}
}
  • Save the edited file 
sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1

System -> Preferences -> Sound
Sound preferences

General Tab -> Sounds for events (Un-Checked)
  • Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
[edit]

How to forcefully empty Trash in GNOME 

sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/
[edit]

How to remove duplicate menu/menu items in GNOME 

rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu
[edit]

How to refresh Places menu in GNOME (if mounts to /media/ in /etc/fstab does not show up) 

sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart
[edit]

How to consume static (not dhcp) wireless LAN (WLAN) connection (KDE)

  • I assume you have successfully consumed WLAN connection in Windows
  • To enable the network device please follow the following steps
  • Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Network Settings
  • Enable Administrator mode
  • Select Network Interfaces tab and the wireless interface (usually ath0) to configure
  • Click Configure Interface...
  • Choose Manual or Automatic. Choose Manual
  • Fill the preferred IP address to identify your computer and the netmask. Choose to activate when computer starts
  • Click Advanced Settings to for more properties
  • Select Routes tab and fill the gateway IP address
  • Make sure you choose the correct device in the right dropdown (e.g. ath0)
  • Click apply to commit all changes
  • To choose wireless connection please follow the following steps
  • Go to K-menu -> Internet -> Wireless Assistant
  • Right click on preferred connection ssid
  • Choose and complete fields for Manual connection
  • Click Ok
  • Create connection configuration 
gksudo gedit /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
network={
ssid="YOUR_PREFERRED_CONNECTION_SSID"
scan_ssid=1
proto=WPA
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
psk="STRING_TO_GENERATE_PASSWORD"
#psk=123456789 #you have option to use connection key instead of connection password
}
  • Save the edited file
  • Create script to easily activate connection 
gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
#! /bin/sh
# wifi: wpa_supplicant init
echo " * [Wifi]: Enabling WPA supplicant..."
if [ -x /sbin/wpa_supplicant ]; then
/sbin/wpa_supplicant -B -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -D madwifi -w
fi
exit 0
  • Save the edited file
  • Make sure both file readable and executable 
sudo chmod +r /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
  • make wireless connection automaticaly starts when computer starts 
sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh /etc/rcS.d/S40netwifiwpa
  • Close all opened applications, Reboot computer
[edit]

How to get 1400x1050 resolution working

  • See http://ubuntu.vdb-studios.be/installationDapper.php
[edit]

Oppgradere Ubuntu

[edit]

Hvordan oppgradere fra Hoary Hedgehog -> Breezy Badger -> Dapper Drake

  • Sjekk først at du har en helt oppdatert distribusjon: 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
  • Hvis du ikke har en CD tilgjengelig, sjekk at du har kommentert bort/fjernet linjen som bruker CD som kodelager: 
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

/etc/apt/sources.list

For en oppgradering til Breezy skal sources.list se omtrent slik ut: 

## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch updated software from the network
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy main restricted
## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch major bug fix updates produced
## after the final release of the distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-updates main restricted
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu breezy-security universe</div>


  • For å oppgradere fra Breezy til Dapper, bytt ut (ctrl+h) alle forekomster av 'breezy' med 'dapper' i /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Lagre filen. 
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
  • Lagre økten, restart og lev lykkelig til neste oppgradering.

Merk:

  • Det er IKKE å anbefale å forsøke å oppgradere direkte fra Hoary til Dapper. Oppgrader: Hoary->Breezy->Dapper
[edit]

Hvordan oppgradere fra Dapper Drake til Edgy Eft (experimental)

  • kommer...
[edit]

Removed Topics

  • Topics that have been removed from this guide can be found here
Retrieved from "http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu_feisty_no"